parquet/arrow/

mod.rs

// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

//! API for reading/writing Arrow [`RecordBatch`]es and [`Array`]s to/from
//! Parquet Files.
//!
//! See the [crate-level documentation](crate) for more details on other APIs
//!
//! # Schema Conversion
//!
//! These APIs ensure that data in Arrow [`RecordBatch`]es written to Parquet are
//! read back as [`RecordBatch`]es with the exact same types and values.
//!
//! Parquet and Arrow have different type systems, and there is not
//! always a one to one mapping between the systems. For example, data
//! stored as a Parquet [`BYTE_ARRAY`] can be read as either an Arrow
//! [`BinaryViewArray`] or [`BinaryArray`].
//!
//! To recover the original Arrow types, the writers in this module add a "hint" to
//! the metadata in the [`ARROW_SCHEMA_META_KEY`] key which records the original Arrow
//! schema. The metadata hint follows the same convention as arrow-cpp based
//! implementations such as `pyarrow`. The reader looks for the schema hint in the
//! metadata to determine Arrow types, and if it is not present, infers the Arrow schema
//! from the Parquet schema.
//!
//! In situations where the embedded Arrow schema is not compatible with the Parquet
//! schema, the Parquet schema takes precedence and no error is raised.
//! See [#1663](https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/1663)
//!
//! You can also control the type conversion process in more detail using:
//!
//! * [`ArrowSchemaConverter`] control the conversion of Arrow types to Parquet
//!   types.
//!
//! * [`ArrowReaderOptions::with_schema`] to explicitly specify your own Arrow schema hint
//!   to use when reading Parquet, overriding any metadata that may be present.
//!
//! [`RecordBatch`]: arrow_array::RecordBatch
//! [`Array`]: arrow_array::Array
//! [`BYTE_ARRAY`]: crate::basic::Type::BYTE_ARRAY
//! [`BinaryViewArray`]: arrow_array::BinaryViewArray
//! [`BinaryArray`]: arrow_array::BinaryArray
//! [`ArrowReaderOptions::with_schema`]: arrow_reader::ArrowReaderOptions::with_schema
//!
//! # Example: Writing Arrow `RecordBatch` to Parquet file
//!
//!```rust
//! # use arrow_array::{Int32Array, ArrayRef};
//! # use arrow_array::RecordBatch;
//! # use parquet::arrow::arrow_writer::ArrowWriter;
//! # use parquet::file::properties::WriterProperties;
//! # use tempfile::tempfile;
//! # use std::sync::Arc;
//! # use parquet::basic::Compression;
//! let ids = Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
//! let vals = Int32Array::from(vec![5, 6, 7, 8]);
//! let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![
//!   ("id", Arc::new(ids) as ArrayRef),
//!   ("val", Arc::new(vals) as ArrayRef),
//! ]).unwrap();
//!
//! let file = tempfile().unwrap();
//!
//! // WriterProperties can be used to set Parquet file options
//! let props = WriterProperties::builder()
//!     .set_compression(Compression::SNAPPY)
//!     .build();
//!
//! let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(file, batch.schema(), Some(props)).unwrap();
//!
//! writer.write(&batch).expect("Writing batch");
//!
//! // writer must be closed to write footer
//! writer.close().unwrap();
//! ```
//!
//! # Example: Reading Parquet file into Arrow `RecordBatch`
//!
//! ```rust
//! # use std::fs::File;
//! # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder;
//! # use std::sync::Arc;
//! # use arrow_array::Int32Array;
//! # use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema};
//! # use arrow_array::RecordBatch;
//! # use parquet::arrow::arrow_writer::ArrowWriter;
//! #
//! # let ids = Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
//! # let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
//! #     Field::new("id", DataType::Int32, false),
//! # ]));
//! #
//! # let file = File::create("data.parquet").unwrap();
//! #
//! # let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(Arc::clone(&schema), vec![Arc::new(ids)]).unwrap();
//! # let batches = vec![batch];
//! #
//! # let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(file, Arc::clone(&schema), None).unwrap();
//! #
//! # for batch in batches {
//! #     writer.write(&batch).expect("Writing batch");
//! # }
//! # writer.close().unwrap();
//! #
//! let file = File::open("data.parquet").unwrap();
//!
//! let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();
//! println!("Converted arrow schema is: {}", builder.schema());
//!
//! let mut reader = builder.build().unwrap();
//!
//! let record_batch = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
//!
//! println!("Read {} records.", record_batch.num_rows());
//! ```
//!
//! # Example: Reading non-uniformly encrypted parquet file into arrow record batch
//!
//! Note: This requires the experimental `encryption` feature to be enabled at compile time.
//!
#![cfg_attr(feature = "encryption", doc = "```rust")]
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "encryption"), doc = "```ignore")]
//! # use arrow_array::{Int32Array, ArrayRef};
//! # use arrow_array::{types, RecordBatch};
//! # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::{
//! #     ArrowReaderMetadata, ArrowReaderOptions, ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder,
//! # };
//! # use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
//! # use parquet::file::metadata::ParquetMetaData;
//! # use tempfile::tempfile;
//! # use std::fs::File;
//! # use parquet::encryption::decrypt::FileDecryptionProperties;
//! # let test_data = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
//! # let path = format!("{test_data}/encrypt_columns_and_footer.parquet.encrypted");
//! #
//! let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
//!
//! // Define the AES encryption keys required required for decrypting the footer metadata
//! // and column-specific data. If only a footer key is used then it is assumed that the
//! // file uses uniform encryption and all columns are encrypted with the footer key.
//! // If any column keys are specified, other columns without a key provided are assumed
//! // to be unencrypted
//! let footer_key = "0123456789012345".as_bytes(); // Keys are 128 bits (16 bytes)
//! let column_1_key = "1234567890123450".as_bytes();
//! let column_2_key = "1234567890123451".as_bytes();
//!
//! let decryption_properties = FileDecryptionProperties::builder(footer_key.to_vec())
//!     .with_column_key("double_field", column_1_key.to_vec())
//!     .with_column_key("float_field", column_2_key.to_vec())
//!     .build()
//!     .unwrap();
//!
//! let options = ArrowReaderOptions::default()
//!  .with_file_decryption_properties(decryption_properties);
//! let reader_metadata = ArrowReaderMetadata::load(&file, options.clone()).unwrap();
//! let file_metadata = reader_metadata.metadata().file_metadata();
//! assert_eq!(50, file_metadata.num_rows());
//!
//! let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file, options)
//!   .unwrap()
//!   .build()
//!   .unwrap();
//!
//! let record_batch = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
//! assert_eq!(50, record_batch.num_rows());
//! ```

experimental!(mod array_reader);
pub mod arrow_reader;
pub mod arrow_writer;
mod buffer;
mod decoder;

#[cfg(feature = "async")]
pub mod async_reader;
#[cfg(feature = "async")]
pub mod async_writer;

pub mod push_decoder;

mod in_memory_row_group;
mod record_reader;

experimental!(mod schema);

use std::fmt::Debug;

pub use self::arrow_writer::ArrowWriter;
#[cfg(feature = "async")]
pub use self::async_reader::ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder;
#[cfg(feature = "async")]
pub use self::async_writer::AsyncArrowWriter;
use crate::schema::types::SchemaDescriptor;
use arrow_schema::{FieldRef, Schema};

pub use self::schema::{
    ArrowSchemaConverter, FieldLevels, add_encoded_arrow_schema_to_metadata, encode_arrow_schema,
    parquet_to_arrow_field_levels, parquet_to_arrow_field_levels_with_virtual,
    parquet_to_arrow_schema, parquet_to_arrow_schema_by_columns, virtual_type::*,
};

/// Schema metadata key used to store serialized Arrow schema
///
/// The Arrow schema is encoded using the Arrow IPC format, and then base64
/// encoded. This is the same format used by arrow-cpp systems, such as pyarrow.
pub const ARROW_SCHEMA_META_KEY: &str = "ARROW:schema";

/// The value of this metadata key, if present on [`Field::metadata`], will be used
/// to populate [`BasicTypeInfo::id`]
///
/// [`Field::metadata`]: arrow_schema::Field::metadata
/// [`BasicTypeInfo::id`]: crate::schema::types::BasicTypeInfo::id
pub const PARQUET_FIELD_ID_META_KEY: &str = "PARQUET:field_id";

/// A [`ProjectionMask`] identifies a set of columns within a potentially nested schema to project
///
/// In particular, a [`ProjectionMask`] can be constructed from a list of leaf column indices
/// or root column indices where:
///
/// * Root columns are the direct children of the root schema, enumerated in order
/// * Leaf columns are the child-less leaves of the schema as enumerated by a depth-first search
///
/// For example, the schema
///
/// ```ignore
/// message schema {
///   REQUIRED boolean         leaf_1;
///   REQUIRED GROUP group {
///     OPTIONAL int32 leaf_2;
///     OPTIONAL int64 leaf_3;
///   }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Has roots `["leaf_1", "group"]` and leaves `["leaf_1", "leaf_2", "leaf_3"]`
///
/// For non-nested schemas, i.e. those containing only primitive columns, the root
/// and leaves are the same
///
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct ProjectionMask {
    /// If `Some`, a leaf column should be included if the value at
    /// the corresponding index is true
    ///
    /// If `None`, all columns should be included
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Given the original parquet schema with leaf columns is `[a, b, c, d]`
    ///
    /// A mask of `[true, false, true, false]` will result in a schema 2
    /// elements long:
    /// * `fields[0]`: `a`
    /// * `fields[1]`: `c`
    ///
    /// A mask of `None` will result in a schema 4 elements long:
    /// * `fields[0]`: `a`
    /// * `fields[1]`: `b`
    /// * `fields[2]`: `c`
    /// * `fields[3]`: `d`
    mask: Option<Vec<bool>>,
}

impl ProjectionMask {
    /// Create a [`ProjectionMask`] which selects all columns
    pub fn all() -> Self {
        Self { mask: None }
    }

    /// Create a [`ProjectionMask`] which selects no columns
    pub fn none(len: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            mask: Some(vec![false; len]),
        }
    }

    /// Create a [`ProjectionMask`] which selects only the specified leaf columns
    ///
    /// Note: repeated or out of order indices will not impact the final mask
    ///
    /// i.e. `[0, 1, 2]` will construct the same mask as `[1, 0, 0, 2]`
    pub fn leaves(schema: &SchemaDescriptor, indices: impl IntoIterator<Item = usize>) -> Self {
        let mut mask = vec![false; schema.num_columns()];
        for leaf_idx in indices {
            mask[leaf_idx] = true;
        }
        Self { mask: Some(mask) }
    }

    /// Create a [`ProjectionMask`] which selects only the specified root columns
    ///
    /// Note: repeated or out of order indices will not impact the final mask
    ///
    /// i.e. `[0, 1, 2]` will construct the same mask as `[1, 0, 0, 2]`
    pub fn roots(schema: &SchemaDescriptor, indices: impl IntoIterator<Item = usize>) -> Self {
        let num_root_columns = schema.root_schema().get_fields().len();
        let mut root_mask = vec![false; num_root_columns];
        for root_idx in indices {
            root_mask[root_idx] = true;
        }

        let mask = (0..schema.num_columns())
            .map(|leaf_idx| {
                let root_idx = schema.get_column_root_idx(leaf_idx);
                root_mask[root_idx]
            })
            .collect();

        Self { mask: Some(mask) }
    }

    /// Create a [`ProjectionMask`] which selects only the named columns
    ///
    /// All leaf columns that fall below a given name will be selected. For example, given
    /// the schema
    /// ```ignore
    /// message schema {
    ///   OPTIONAL group a (MAP) {
    ///     REPEATED group key_value {
    ///       REQUIRED BYTE_ARRAY key (UTF8);  // leaf index 0
    ///       OPTIONAL group value (MAP) {
    ///         REPEATED group key_value {
    ///           REQUIRED INT32 key;          // leaf index 1
    ///           REQUIRED BOOLEAN value;      // leaf index 2
    ///         }
    ///       }
    ///     }
    ///   }
    ///   REQUIRED INT32 b;                    // leaf index 3
    ///   REQUIRED DOUBLE c;                   // leaf index 4
    /// }
    /// ```
    /// `["a.key_value.value", "c"]` would return leaf columns 1, 2, and 4. `["a"]` would return
    /// columns 0, 1, and 2.
    ///
    /// Note: repeated or out of order indices will not impact the final mask.
    ///
    /// i.e. `["b", "c"]` will construct the same mask as `["c", "b", "c"]`.
    ///
    /// Also, this will not produce the desired results if a column contains a '.' in its name.
    /// Use [`Self::leaves`] or [`Self::roots`] in that case.
    pub fn columns<'a>(
        schema: &SchemaDescriptor,
        names: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut mask = vec![false; schema.num_columns()];
        for name in names {
            let name_path: Vec<&str> = name.split('.').collect();
            for (idx, col) in schema.columns().iter().enumerate() {
                let path = col.path().parts();
                // searching for "a.b.c" cannot match "a.b"
                if name_path.len() > path.len() {
                    continue;
                }
                // now path >= name_path, so check that each element in name_path matches
                if name_path.iter().zip(path.iter()).all(|(a, b)| a == b) {
                    mask[idx] = true;
                }
            }
        }

        Self { mask: Some(mask) }
    }

    /// Returns true if the leaf column `leaf_idx` is included by the mask
    pub fn leaf_included(&self, leaf_idx: usize) -> bool {
        self.mask.as_ref().map(|m| m[leaf_idx]).unwrap_or(true)
    }

    /// Union two projection masks
    ///
    /// Example:
    /// ```text
    /// mask1 = [true, false, true]
    /// mask2 = [false, true, true]
    /// union(mask1, mask2) = [true, true, true]
    /// ```
    pub fn union(&mut self, other: &Self) {
        match (self.mask.as_ref(), other.mask.as_ref()) {
            (None, _) | (_, None) => self.mask = None,
            (Some(a), Some(b)) => {
                debug_assert_eq!(a.len(), b.len());
                let mask = a.iter().zip(b.iter()).map(|(&a, &b)| a || b).collect();
                self.mask = Some(mask);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Intersect two projection masks
    ///
    /// Example:
    /// ```text
    /// mask1 = [true, false, true]
    /// mask2 = [false, true, true]
    /// intersect(mask1, mask2) = [false, false, true]
    /// ```
    pub fn intersect(&mut self, other: &Self) {
        match (self.mask.as_ref(), other.mask.as_ref()) {
            (None, _) => self.mask = other.mask.clone(),
            (_, None) => {}
            (Some(a), Some(b)) => {
                debug_assert_eq!(a.len(), b.len());
                let mask = a.iter().zip(b.iter()).map(|(&a, &b)| a && b).collect();
                self.mask = Some(mask);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Return a new [`ProjectionMask`] that excludes any leaf columns that are
    /// part of a nested type, such as struct, list, or map
    ///
    /// If there are no non-nested columns in the mask, returns `None`
    pub(crate) fn without_nested_types(&self, schema: &SchemaDescriptor) -> Option<Self> {
        let num_leaves = schema.num_columns();

        // Count how many leaves each root column has
        let num_roots = schema.root_schema().get_fields().len();
        let mut root_leaf_counts = vec![0usize; num_roots];
        for leaf_idx in 0..num_leaves {
            let root_idx = schema.get_column_root_idx(leaf_idx);
            root_leaf_counts[root_idx] += 1;
        }

        // Keep only leaves whose root has exactly one leaf (non-nested) and is not a
        // LIST. LIST is encoded as a wrapped logical type with a single leaf, e.g.
        // https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/LogicalTypes.md#lists
        //
        // ```text
        // // List<String> (list non-null, elements nullable)
        // required group my_list (LIST) {
        //   repeated group list {
        //     optional binary element (STRING);
        //   }
        // }
        // ```
        let mut included_leaves = Vec::new();
        for leaf_idx in 0..num_leaves {
            if self.leaf_included(leaf_idx) {
                let root = schema.get_column_root(leaf_idx);
                let root_idx = schema.get_column_root_idx(leaf_idx);
                if root_leaf_counts[root_idx] == 1 && !root.is_list() {
                    included_leaves.push(leaf_idx);
                }
            }
        }

        if included_leaves.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(schema, included_leaves))
        }
    }
}

/// Lookups up the parquet column by name
///
/// Returns the parquet column index and the corresponding arrow field
pub fn parquet_column<'a>(
    parquet_schema: &SchemaDescriptor,
    arrow_schema: &'a Schema,
    name: &str,
) -> Option<(usize, &'a FieldRef)> {
    let (root_idx, field) = arrow_schema.fields.find(name)?;
    if field.data_type().is_nested() {
        // Nested fields are not supported and require non-trivial logic
        // to correctly walk the parquet schema accounting for the
        // logical type rules - <https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/LogicalTypes.md>
        //
        // For example a ListArray could correspond to anything from 1 to 3 levels
        // in the parquet schema
        return None;
    }

    // This could be made more efficient (#TBD)
    let parquet_idx = (0..parquet_schema.columns().len())
        .find(|x| parquet_schema.get_column_root_idx(*x) == root_idx)?;
    Some((parquet_idx, field))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use crate::arrow::ArrowWriter;
    use crate::file::metadata::{ParquetMetaData, ParquetMetaDataReader, ParquetMetaDataWriter};
    use crate::file::properties::{EnabledStatistics, WriterProperties};
    use crate::schema::parser::parse_message_type;
    use crate::schema::types::SchemaDescriptor;
    use arrow_array::{ArrayRef, Int32Array, RecordBatch};
    use bytes::Bytes;
    use std::sync::Arc;

    use super::ProjectionMask;

    #[test]
    #[allow(deprecated)]
    // Reproducer for https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/6464
    fn test_metadata_read_write_partial_offset() {
        let parquet_bytes = create_parquet_file();

        // read the metadata from the file WITHOUT the page index structures
        let original_metadata = ParquetMetaDataReader::new()
            .parse_and_finish(&parquet_bytes)
            .unwrap();

        // this should error because the page indexes are not present, but have offsets specified
        let metadata_bytes = metadata_to_bytes(&original_metadata);
        let err = ParquetMetaDataReader::new()
            .with_page_indexes(true) // there are no page indexes in the metadata
            .parse_and_finish(&metadata_bytes)
            .err()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            err.to_string(),
            "EOF: Parquet file too small. Page index range 82..115 overlaps with file metadata 0..357"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_metadata_read_write_roundtrip() {
        let parquet_bytes = create_parquet_file();

        // read the metadata from the file
        let original_metadata = ParquetMetaDataReader::new()
            .parse_and_finish(&parquet_bytes)
            .unwrap();

        // read metadata back from the serialized bytes and ensure it is the same
        let metadata_bytes = metadata_to_bytes(&original_metadata);
        assert_ne!(
            metadata_bytes.len(),
            parquet_bytes.len(),
            "metadata is subset of parquet"
        );

        let roundtrip_metadata = ParquetMetaDataReader::new()
            .parse_and_finish(&metadata_bytes)
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(original_metadata, roundtrip_metadata);
    }

    #[test]
    #[allow(deprecated)]
    fn test_metadata_read_write_roundtrip_page_index() {
        let parquet_bytes = create_parquet_file();

        // read the metadata from the file including the page index structures
        // (which are stored elsewhere in the footer)
        let original_metadata = ParquetMetaDataReader::new()
            .with_page_indexes(true)
            .parse_and_finish(&parquet_bytes)
            .unwrap();

        // read metadata back from the serialized bytes and ensure it is the same
        let metadata_bytes = metadata_to_bytes(&original_metadata);
        let roundtrip_metadata = ParquetMetaDataReader::new()
            .with_page_indexes(true)
            .parse_and_finish(&metadata_bytes)
            .unwrap();

        // Need to normalize the metadata first to remove offsets in data
        let original_metadata = normalize_locations(original_metadata);
        let roundtrip_metadata = normalize_locations(roundtrip_metadata);
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{original_metadata:#?}"),
            format!("{roundtrip_metadata:#?}")
        );
        assert_eq!(original_metadata, roundtrip_metadata);
    }

    /// Sets the page index offset locations in the metadata to `None`
    ///
    /// This is because the offsets are used to find the relative location of the index
    /// structures, and thus differ depending on how the structures are stored.
    fn normalize_locations(metadata: ParquetMetaData) -> ParquetMetaData {
        let mut metadata_builder = metadata.into_builder();
        for rg in metadata_builder.take_row_groups() {
            let mut rg_builder = rg.into_builder();
            for col in rg_builder.take_columns() {
                rg_builder = rg_builder.add_column_metadata(
                    col.into_builder()
                        .set_offset_index_offset(None)
                        .set_index_page_offset(None)
                        .set_column_index_offset(None)
                        .build()
                        .unwrap(),
                );
            }
            let rg = rg_builder.build().unwrap();
            metadata_builder = metadata_builder.add_row_group(rg);
        }
        metadata_builder.build()
    }

    /// Write a parquet filed into an in memory buffer
    fn create_parquet_file() -> Bytes {
        let mut buf = vec![];
        let data = vec![100, 200, 201, 300, 102, 33];
        let array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(Int32Array::from(data));
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("id", array)]).unwrap();
        let props = WriterProperties::builder()
            .set_statistics_enabled(EnabledStatistics::Page)
            .set_write_page_header_statistics(true)
            .build();

        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buf, batch.schema(), Some(props)).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.finish().unwrap();
        drop(writer);

        Bytes::from(buf)
    }

    /// Serializes `ParquetMetaData` into a memory buffer, using `ParquetMetadataWriter
    fn metadata_to_bytes(metadata: &ParquetMetaData) -> Bytes {
        let mut buf = vec![];
        ParquetMetaDataWriter::new(&mut buf, metadata)
            .finish()
            .unwrap();
        Bytes::from(buf)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mask_from_column_names() {
        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                OPTIONAL group a (MAP) {
                    REPEATED group key_value {
                        REQUIRED BYTE_ARRAY key (UTF8);
                        OPTIONAL group value (MAP) {
                            REPEATED group key_value {
                                REQUIRED INT32 key;
                                REQUIRED BOOLEAN value;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                REQUIRED INT32 b;
                REQUIRED DOUBLE c;
            }
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["foo", "bar"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), vec![false; 5]);

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, []);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), vec![false; 5]);

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a", "c"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [true, true, true, false, true]);

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a.key_value.key", "c"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [true, false, false, false, true]);

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a.key_value.value", "b"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [false, true, true, true, false]);

        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                OPTIONAL group a (LIST) {
                    REPEATED group list {
                        OPTIONAL group element (LIST) {
                            REPEATED group list {
                                OPTIONAL group element (LIST) {
                                    REPEATED group list {
                                        OPTIONAL BYTE_ARRAY element (UTF8);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                REQUIRED INT32 b;
            }
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a", "b"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [true, true]);

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a.list.element", "b"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [true, true]);

        let mask =
            ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a.list.element.list.element.list.element", "b"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [true, true]);

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["b"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [false, true]);

        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                OPTIONAL INT32 a;
                OPTIONAL INT32 b;
                OPTIONAL INT32 c;
                OPTIONAL INT32 d;
                OPTIONAL INT32 e;
            }
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a", "b"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [true, true, false, false, false]);

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["d", "b", "d"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [false, true, false, true, false]);

        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                OPTIONAL INT32 a;
                OPTIONAL INT32 b;
                OPTIONAL INT32 a;
                OPTIONAL INT32 d;
                OPTIONAL INT32 e;
            }
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a", "e"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [true, false, true, false, true]);

        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                OPTIONAL INT32 a;
                OPTIONAL INT32 aa;
            }
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(&schema, ["a"]);
        assert_eq!(mask.mask.unwrap(), [true, false]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_projection_mask_union() {
        let mut mask1 = ProjectionMask {
            mask: Some(vec![true, false, true]),
        };
        let mask2 = ProjectionMask {
            mask: Some(vec![false, true, true]),
        };
        mask1.union(&mask2);
        assert_eq!(mask1.mask, Some(vec![true, true, true]));

        let mut mask1 = ProjectionMask { mask: None };
        let mask2 = ProjectionMask {
            mask: Some(vec![false, true, true]),
        };
        mask1.union(&mask2);
        assert_eq!(mask1.mask, None);

        let mut mask1 = ProjectionMask {
            mask: Some(vec![true, false, true]),
        };
        let mask2 = ProjectionMask { mask: None };
        mask1.union(&mask2);
        assert_eq!(mask1.mask, None);

        let mut mask1 = ProjectionMask { mask: None };
        let mask2 = ProjectionMask { mask: None };
        mask1.union(&mask2);
        assert_eq!(mask1.mask, None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_projection_mask_intersect() {
        let mut mask1 = ProjectionMask {
            mask: Some(vec![true, false, true]),
        };
        let mask2 = ProjectionMask {
            mask: Some(vec![false, true, true]),
        };
        mask1.intersect(&mask2);
        assert_eq!(mask1.mask, Some(vec![false, false, true]));

        let mut mask1 = ProjectionMask { mask: None };
        let mask2 = ProjectionMask {
            mask: Some(vec![false, true, true]),
        };
        mask1.intersect(&mask2);
        assert_eq!(mask1.mask, Some(vec![false, true, true]));

        let mut mask1 = ProjectionMask {
            mask: Some(vec![true, false, true]),
        };
        let mask2 = ProjectionMask { mask: None };
        mask1.intersect(&mask2);
        assert_eq!(mask1.mask, Some(vec![true, false, true]));

        let mut mask1 = ProjectionMask { mask: None };
        let mask2 = ProjectionMask { mask: None };
        mask1.intersect(&mask2);
        assert_eq!(mask1.mask, None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_projection_mask_without_nested_no_nested() {
        // Schema with no nested types
        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                OPTIONAL INT32 a;
                OPTIONAL INT32 b;
                REQUIRED DOUBLE d;
            }
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::all();
        // All columns are non-nested, but without_nested_types returns a new mask
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [0, 1, 2])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema)
        );

        // select b, c
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1, 2]);
        assert_eq!(Some(mask.clone()), mask.without_nested_types(&schema));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_projection_mask_without_nested_nested() {
        // Schema with nested types (structs)
        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                OPTIONAL INT32 a;
                OPTIONAL group b {
                    REQUIRED INT32 b1;
                    OPTIONAL INT64 b2;
                }
                OPTIONAL group c (LIST) {
                    REPEATED group list {
                        OPTIONAL INT32 element;
                    }
                }
                REQUIRED DOUBLE d;
            }
            ",
        );

        // all leaves --> a, d
        let mask = ProjectionMask::all();
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [0, 4])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema)
        );

        // b1 --> empty (it is nested)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1]);
        assert_eq!(None, mask.without_nested_types(&schema));

        // b2, d --> d
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1, 4]);
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [4])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema)
        );

        // element --> empty (it is nested)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [3]);
        assert_eq!(None, mask.without_nested_types(&schema));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_projection_mask_without_nested_map_only() {
        // Example from https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/LogicalTypes.md
        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                required group my_map (MAP) {
                    repeated group key_value {
                        required binary key (STRING);
                        optional int32 value;
                    }
                }
            }
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::all();
        assert_eq!(None, mask.without_nested_types(&schema));

        // key --> empty (it is nested)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [0]);
        assert_eq!(None, mask.without_nested_types(&schema));

        // value --> empty (it is nested)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1]);
        assert_eq!(None, mask.without_nested_types(&schema));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_projection_mask_without_nested_map_with_non_nested() {
        // Example from https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/LogicalTypes.md
        // with an additional non-nested field
        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                REQUIRED INT32 a;
                required group my_map (MAP) {
                    repeated group key_value {
                        required binary key (STRING);
                        optional int32 value;
                    }
                }
                REQUIRED INT32 b;
            }
            ",
        );

        // all leaves --> a, b which are the only non nested ones
        let mask = ProjectionMask::all();
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [0, 3])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema)
        );

        // key, value, b --> b (the only non-nested one)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1, 2, 3]);
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [3])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema)
        );

        // key, value --> NONE
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1, 2]);
        assert_eq!(None, mask.without_nested_types(&schema));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_projection_mask_without_nested_deeply_nested() {
        // Map of Maps
        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                OPTIONAL group a (MAP) {
                    REPEATED group key_value {
                        REQUIRED BYTE_ARRAY key (UTF8);
                        OPTIONAL group value (MAP) {
                            REPEATED group key_value {
                                REQUIRED INT32 key;
                                REQUIRED BOOLEAN value;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                REQUIRED INT32 b;
                REQUIRED DOUBLE c;
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::all();
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [3, 4])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema)
        );

        // (first) key, c --> c (the only non-nested one)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [0, 4]);
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [4])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema)
        );

        // (second) key, value, b --> b (the only non-nested one)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1, 2, 3]);
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [3])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema)
        );

        // key --> NONE (the only non-nested one)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [0]);
        assert_eq!(None, mask.without_nested_types(&schema));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_projection_mask_without_nested_list() {
        // Example from https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/LogicalTypes.md#lists
        let schema = parse_schema(
            "
            message test_schema {
                required group my_list (LIST) {
                    repeated group list {
                        optional binary element (STRING);
                    }
                }
                REQUIRED INT32 b;
            }
            ",
        );

        let mask = ProjectionMask::all();
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema),
        );

        // element --> empty (it is nested)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [0]);
        assert_eq!(None, mask.without_nested_types(&schema));

        // element, b --> b (it is nested)
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [0, 1]);
        assert_eq!(
            Some(ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema, [1])),
            mask.without_nested_types(&schema),
        );
    }

    /// Converts a schema string into a `SchemaDescriptor`
    fn parse_schema(schema: &str) -> SchemaDescriptor {
        let parquet_group_type = parse_message_type(schema).unwrap();
        SchemaDescriptor::new(Arc::new(parquet_group_type))
    }
}