parquet/arrow/arrow_reader/

mod.rs

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// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
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//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
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// under the License.

//! Contains reader which reads parquet data into arrow [`RecordBatch`]

use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
use arrow_array::{BooleanArray, RecordBatch, RecordBatchReader};
use arrow_buffer::{BooleanBuffer, BooleanBufferBuilder};
use arrow_schema::{ArrowError, DataType as ArrowType, FieldRef, Schema, SchemaRef};
use arrow_select::filter::filter_record_batch;
pub use filter::{ArrowPredicate, ArrowPredicateFn, RowFilter};
use selection::MaskCursor;
pub use selection::{
    MaskRunIter, RowSelection, RowSelectionCursor, RowSelectionPolicy, RowSelector,
};
use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
use std::sync::Arc;

pub use crate::arrow::array_reader::RowGroups;
use crate::arrow::array_reader::{ArrayReader, ArrayReaderBuilder};
use crate::arrow::schema::{
    ParquetField, parquet_to_arrow_schema_and_fields, virtual_type::is_virtual_column,
};
use crate::arrow::{FieldLevels, ProjectionMask, parquet_to_arrow_field_levels_with_virtual};
use crate::basic::{BloomFilterAlgorithm, BloomFilterCompression, BloomFilterHash};
use crate::bloom_filter::{
    SBBF_HEADER_SIZE_ESTIMATE, Sbbf, chunk_read_bloom_filter_header_and_offset,
};
use crate::column::page::{PageIterator, PageReader};
#[cfg(feature = "encryption")]
use crate::encryption::decrypt::FileDecryptionProperties;
use crate::errors::{ParquetError, Result};
use crate::file::metadata::{
    PageIndexPolicy, ParquetMetaData, ParquetMetaDataOptions, ParquetMetaDataReader,
    ParquetStatisticsPolicy, RowGroupMetaData,
};
use crate::file::reader::{ChunkReader, SerializedPageReader};
use crate::schema::types::SchemaDescriptor;

use crate::arrow::arrow_reader::metrics::ArrowReaderMetrics;
// Exposed so integration tests and benchmarks can temporarily override the threshold.
pub use read_plan::{PredicateOptions, ReadPlan, ReadPlanBuilder};

mod filter;
pub mod metrics;
mod read_plan;
pub(crate) mod selection;
pub mod statistics;

/// Default batch size for reading parquet files
pub const DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 1024;

/// A row group and its optional row-group-local [`RowSelection`].
///
/// A row-group-local selection is relative to the rows in this row group. For
/// example, an offset of 100 refers to the row at offset 100 within the row
/// group, not within the Parquet file.
///
/// A `None` selection reads the entire row group. Omitting a row group skips
/// it. Entries are decoded in the supplied order.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct RowGroupSelection {
    pub(crate) row_group_index: usize,
    pub(crate) selection: Option<RowSelection>,
}

impl RowGroupSelection {
    /// Creates a row-group-local selection.
    pub fn new(row_group_index: usize, selection: Option<RowSelection>) -> Self {
        Self {
            row_group_index,
            selection,
        }
    }

    /// The index of the row group this selection applies to.
    pub fn row_group_index(&self) -> usize {
        self.row_group_index
    }

    /// The row-group-local selection, or `None` if the entire row group is
    /// read.
    pub fn selection(&self) -> Option<&RowSelection> {
        self.selection.as_ref()
    }
}

/// Row-selection configuration shared by the Arrow reader builders.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub(crate) enum RowGroupPlan {
    /// First select `row_groups`, if provided, and then apply `selection`
    /// across the concatenated rows from those row groups.
    ///
    /// This is formed by [`ArrowReaderBuilder::with_row_groups`] and
    /// [`ArrowReaderBuilder::with_row_selection`].
    Global {
        row_groups: Option<Vec<usize>>,
        selection: Option<RowSelection>,
    },
    /// Apply each row-group-local selection independently, in the order
    /// supplied.
    ///
    /// This is formed by `with_row_group_selections` on the push decoder and
    /// async stream builders.
    PerRowGroup(Vec<RowGroupSelection>),
    /// Mutually exclusive global and per-row-group configuration was supplied.
    /// This is reported as an error when the reader is built.
    Conflicting,
}

impl RowGroupPlan {
    fn set_row_groups(&mut self, new_row_groups: Vec<usize>) {
        match self {
            Self::Global { row_groups, .. } => *row_groups = Some(new_row_groups),
            Self::PerRowGroup(_) => *self = Self::Conflicting,
            Self::Conflicting => {}
        }
    }

    fn set_row_selection(&mut self, new_selection: RowSelection) {
        match self {
            Self::Global { selection, .. } => *selection = Some(new_selection),
            Self::PerRowGroup(_) => *self = Self::Conflicting,
            Self::Conflicting => {}
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn set_row_group_selections(
        &mut self,
        row_group_selections: Vec<RowGroupSelection>,
    ) {
        match self {
            Self::Global {
                row_groups: None,
                selection: None,
            }
            | Self::PerRowGroup(_) => {
                *self = Self::PerRowGroup(row_group_selections);
            }
            Self::Global { .. } => *self = Self::Conflicting,
            Self::Conflicting => {}
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn conflict_error() -> ParquetError {
        ParquetError::General(
            "with_row_group_selections cannot be combined with with_row_groups or with_row_selection"
                .to_string(),
        )
    }

    fn into_global(self) -> Result<(Option<Vec<usize>>, Option<RowSelection>)> {
        match self {
            Self::Global {
                row_groups,
                selection,
            } => Ok((row_groups, selection)),
            Self::PerRowGroup(_) => Err(ParquetError::General(
                "Row-group-local selections are not supported by the synchronous reader"
                    .to_string(),
            )),
            Self::Conflicting => Err(Self::conflict_error()),
        }
    }
}

/// Builder for constructing Parquet readers that decode into [Apache Arrow]
/// arrays.
///
/// Most users should use one of the following specializations:
///
/// * synchronous API: [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder`]
/// * `async` API: [`ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder`]
/// * decoder API: [`ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`]
///
/// # Features
/// * Projection pushdown: [`Self::with_projection`]
/// * Cached metadata: [`ArrowReaderMetadata::load`]
/// * Offset skipping: [`Self::with_offset`] and [`Self::with_limit`]
/// * Row group filtering: [`Self::with_row_groups`]
/// * Range filtering: [`Self::with_row_selection`]
/// * Row level filtering: [`Self::with_row_filter`]
///
/// # Implementing Predicate Pushdown
///
/// [`Self::with_row_filter`] permits filter evaluation *during* the decoding
/// process, which is efficient and allows the most low level optimizations.
///
/// However, most Parquet based systems will apply filters at many steps prior
/// to decoding such as pruning files, row groups and data pages. This crate
/// provides the low level APIs needed to implement such filtering, but does not
/// include any logic to actually evaluate predicates. For example:
///
/// * [`Self::with_row_groups`] for Row Group pruning
/// * [`Self::with_row_selection`] for data page pruning
/// * [`StatisticsConverter`] to convert Parquet statistics to Arrow arrays
///
/// The rationale for this design is that implementing predicate pushdown is a
/// complex topic and varies significantly from system to system. For example
///
/// 1. Predicates supported (do you support predicates like prefix matching, user defined functions, etc)
/// 2. Evaluating predicates on multiple files (with potentially different but compatible schemas)
/// 3. Evaluating predicates using information from an external metadata catalog (e.g. Apache Iceberg or similar)
/// 4. Interleaving fetching metadata, evaluating predicates, and decoding files
///
/// You can read more about this design in the [Querying Parquet with
/// Millisecond Latency] Arrow blog post.
///
/// [`ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder`]: crate::arrow::async_reader::ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder
/// [`ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`]: crate::arrow::push_decoder::ParquetPushDecoderBuilder
/// [Apache Arrow]: https://arrow.apache.org/
/// [`StatisticsConverter`]: statistics::StatisticsConverter
/// [Querying Parquet with Millisecond Latency]: https://arrow.apache.org/blog/2022/12/26/querying-parquet-with-millisecond-latency/
pub struct ArrowReaderBuilder<T> {
    /// The "input" to read parquet data from.
    ///
    /// Note in the case of the [`ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`] there is no
    /// underlying reader; the input is instead [`PushDecoderInput`], the buffer that
    /// caller-pushed bytes accumulate in.
    ///
    /// [`ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`]: crate::arrow::push_decoder::ParquetPushDecoderBuilder
    /// [`PushDecoderInput`]: crate::arrow::push_decoder::PushDecoderInput
    pub(crate) input: T,

    pub(crate) metadata: Arc<ParquetMetaData>,

    pub(crate) schema: SchemaRef,

    pub(crate) fields: Option<Arc<ParquetField>>,

    pub(crate) batch_size: usize,

    pub(crate) row_group_plan: RowGroupPlan,

    pub(crate) projection: ProjectionMask,

    pub(crate) filter: Option<RowFilter>,

    pub(crate) row_selection_policy: RowSelectionPolicy,

    pub(crate) limit: Option<usize>,

    pub(crate) offset: Option<usize>,

    pub(crate) metrics: ArrowReaderMetrics,

    pub(crate) max_predicate_cache_size: usize,
}

impl<T: Debug> Debug for ArrowReaderBuilder<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("ArrowReaderBuilder<T>")
            .field("input", &self.input)
            .field("metadata", &self.metadata)
            .field("schema", &self.schema)
            .field("fields", &self.fields)
            .field("batch_size", &self.batch_size)
            .field("row_group_plan", &self.row_group_plan)
            .field("projection", &self.projection)
            .field("filter", &self.filter)
            .field("row_selection_policy", &self.row_selection_policy)
            .field("limit", &self.limit)
            .field("offset", &self.offset)
            .field("metrics", &self.metrics)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl<T> ArrowReaderBuilder<T> {
    pub(crate) fn new_builder(input: T, metadata: ArrowReaderMetadata) -> Self {
        Self {
            input,
            metadata: metadata.metadata,
            schema: metadata.schema,
            fields: metadata.fields,
            batch_size: DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE,
            row_group_plan: RowGroupPlan::Global {
                row_groups: None,
                selection: None,
            },
            projection: ProjectionMask::all(),
            filter: None,
            row_selection_policy: RowSelectionPolicy::default(),
            limit: None,
            offset: None,
            metrics: ArrowReaderMetrics::Disabled,
            max_predicate_cache_size: 100 * 1024 * 1024, // 100MB default cache size
        }
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the [`ParquetMetaData`] for this parquet file
    pub fn metadata(&self) -> &Arc<ParquetMetaData> {
        &self.metadata
    }

    /// Returns the parquet [`SchemaDescriptor`] for this parquet file
    pub fn parquet_schema(&self) -> &SchemaDescriptor {
        self.metadata.file_metadata().schema_descr()
    }

    /// Returns the arrow [`SchemaRef`] for this parquet file
    pub fn schema(&self) -> &SchemaRef {
        &self.schema
    }

    /// Set the size of [`RecordBatch`] to produce. Defaults to [`DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE`].
    ///
    /// This may be used as a hint for internal allocations, but does not
    /// guarantee exact internal buffer capacities.
    ///
    /// If `batch_size` is more than the file row count, use the file row count.
    pub fn with_batch_size(self, batch_size: usize) -> Self {
        // Try to avoid allocate large buffer
        let batch_size = batch_size.min(self.metadata.file_metadata().num_rows() as usize);
        Self { batch_size, ..self }
    }

    /// Only read data from the provided row group indexes
    ///
    /// This is also called row group filtering
    ///
    /// On [`ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`] and [`ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder`],
    /// which additionally offer `with_row_group_selections`, this cannot be
    /// combined with that method; attempting to do so returns an error from
    /// `build`.
    ///
    /// [`ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`]: crate::arrow::push_decoder::ParquetPushDecoderBuilder
    /// [`ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder`]: crate::arrow::async_reader::ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder
    pub fn with_row_groups(mut self, row_groups: Vec<usize>) -> Self {
        self.row_group_plan.set_row_groups(row_groups);
        self
    }

    /// Only read data from the provided column indexes
    pub fn with_projection(self, mask: ProjectionMask) -> Self {
        Self {
            projection: mask,
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Configure how row selections should be materialised during execution
    ///
    /// See [`RowSelectionPolicy`] for more details
    pub fn with_row_selection_policy(self, policy: RowSelectionPolicy) -> Self {
        Self {
            row_selection_policy: policy,
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Provide a [`RowSelection`] to filter out rows, and avoid fetching their
    /// data into memory.
    ///
    /// This feature is used to restrict which rows are decoded within row
    /// groups, skipping ranges of rows that are not needed. Such selections
    /// could be determined by evaluating predicates against the parquet page
    /// [`Index`] or some other external information available to a query
    /// engine.
    ///
    /// # Notes
    ///
    /// Row group filtering (see [`Self::with_row_groups`]) is applied prior to
    /// applying the row selection, and therefore rows from skipped row groups
    /// should not be included in the [`RowSelection`] (see example below)
    ///
    /// On [`ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`] and [`ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder`],
    /// which additionally offer `with_row_group_selections`, this cannot be
    /// combined with that method; attempting to do so returns an error from
    /// `build`.
    ///
    /// [`ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`]: crate::arrow::push_decoder::ParquetPushDecoderBuilder
    /// [`ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder`]: crate::arrow::async_reader::ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder
    ///
    /// It is recommended to enable writing the page index if using this
    /// functionality, to allow more efficient skipping over data pages. See
    /// [`ArrowReaderOptions::with_page_index_policy`].
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// Given a parquet file with 4 row groups, and a row group filter of `[0,
    /// 2, 3]`, in order to scan rows 50-100 in row group 2 and rows 200-300 in
    /// row group 3:
    ///
    /// ```text
    ///   Row Group 0, 1000 rows (selected)
    ///   Row Group 1, 1000 rows (skipped)
    ///   Row Group 2, 1000 rows (selected, but want to only scan rows 50-100)
    ///   Row Group 3, 1000 rows (selected, but want to only scan rows 200-300)
    /// ```
    ///
    /// You could pass the following [`RowSelection`]:
    ///
    /// ```text
    ///  Select 1000    (scan all rows in row group 0)
    ///  Skip 50        (skip the first 50 rows in row group 2)
    ///  Select 50      (scan rows 50-100 in row group 2)
    ///  Skip 900       (skip the remaining rows in row group 2)
    ///  Skip 200       (skip the first 200 rows in row group 3)
    ///  Select 100     (scan rows 200-300 in row group 3)
    ///  Skip 700       (skip the remaining rows in row group 3)
    /// ```
    /// Note there is no entry for the (entirely) skipped row group 1.
    ///
    /// Note you can represent the same selection with fewer entries. Instead of
    ///
    /// ```text
    ///  Skip 900       (skip the remaining rows in row group 2)
    ///  Skip 200       (skip the first 200 rows in row group 3)
    /// ```
    ///
    /// you could use
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// Skip 1100      (skip the remaining 900 rows in row group 2 and the first 200 rows in row group 3)
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`Index`]: crate::file::page_index::column_index::ColumnIndexMetaData
    pub fn with_row_selection(mut self, selection: RowSelection) -> Self {
        self.row_group_plan.set_row_selection(selection);
        self
    }

    /// Provide a [`RowFilter`] to skip decoding rows
    ///
    /// Row filters are applied after row group selection and row selection
    ///
    /// It is recommended to enable reading the page index if using this functionality, to allow
    /// more efficient skipping over data pages. See [`ArrowReaderOptions::with_page_index_policy`].
    ///
    /// See the [blog post on late materialization] for a more technical explanation.
    ///
    /// [blog post on late materialization]: https://arrow.apache.org/blog/2025/12/11/parquet-late-materialization-deep-dive
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```rust
    /// # use std::fs::File;
    /// # use arrow_array::Int32Array;
    /// # use parquet::arrow::ProjectionMask;
    /// # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::{ArrowPredicateFn, ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder, RowFilter};
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), parquet::errors::ParquetError> {
    /// # let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
    /// # let path = format!("{testdata}/alltypes_plain.parquet");
    /// # let file = File::open(&path)?;
    /// let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file)?;
    /// let schema_desc = builder.metadata().file_metadata().schema_descr_ptr();
    /// // Create predicate that evaluates `int_col != 1`.
    /// // `int_col` column has index 4 (zero based) in the schema
    /// let projection = ProjectionMask::leaves(&schema_desc, [4]);
    /// // Only the projection columns are passed to the predicate so
    /// // int_col is column 0 in the predicate
    /// let predicate = ArrowPredicateFn::new(projection, |batch| {
    ///     let int_col = batch.column(0);
    ///     arrow::compute::kernels::cmp::neq(int_col, &Int32Array::new_scalar(1))
    /// });
    /// let row_filter = RowFilter::new(vec![Box::new(predicate)]);
    /// // The filter will be invoked during the reading process
    /// let reader = builder.with_row_filter(row_filter).build()?;
    /// # for b in reader { let _ = b?; }
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn with_row_filter(self, filter: RowFilter) -> Self {
        Self {
            filter: Some(filter),
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Provide a limit to the number of rows to be read
    ///
    /// The limit will be applied after any [`Self::with_row_selection`] and [`Self::with_row_filter`]
    /// allowing it to limit the final set of rows decoded after any pushed down predicates
    ///
    /// It is recommended to enable reading the page index if using this functionality, to allow
    /// more efficient skipping over data pages. See [`ArrowReaderOptions::with_page_index_policy`]
    pub fn with_limit(self, limit: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            limit: Some(limit),
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Provide an offset to skip over the given number of rows
    ///
    /// The offset will be applied after any [`Self::with_row_selection`] and [`Self::with_row_filter`]
    /// allowing it to skip rows after any pushed down predicates
    ///
    /// It is recommended to enable reading the page index if using this functionality, to allow
    /// more efficient skipping over data pages. See [`ArrowReaderOptions::with_page_index_policy`]
    pub fn with_offset(self, offset: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            offset: Some(offset),
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Specify metrics collection during reading
    ///
    /// To access the metrics, create an [`ArrowReaderMetrics`] and pass a
    /// clone of the provided metrics to the builder.
    ///
    /// For example:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// # use bytes::Bytes;
    /// # use arrow_array::{Int32Array, RecordBatch};
    /// # use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::{ParquetRecordBatchReader, ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder};
    /// use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::metrics::ArrowReaderMetrics;
    /// # use parquet::arrow::ArrowWriter;
    /// # let mut file: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
    /// # let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new("i32", DataType::Int32, false)]));
    /// # let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut file, schema.clone(), None).unwrap();
    /// # let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3]))]).unwrap();
    /// # writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
    /// # writer.close().unwrap();
    /// # let file = Bytes::from(file);
    /// // Create metrics object to pass into the reader
    /// let metrics = ArrowReaderMetrics::enabled();
    /// let reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap()
    ///   // Configure the builder to use the metrics by passing a clone
    ///   .with_metrics(metrics.clone())
    ///   // Build the reader
    ///   .build().unwrap();
    /// // .. read data from the reader ..
    ///
    /// // check the metrics
    /// assert!(metrics.records_read_from_inner().is_some());
    /// ```
    pub fn with_metrics(self, metrics: ArrowReaderMetrics) -> Self {
        Self { metrics, ..self }
    }

    /// Set the maximum size (per row group) of the predicate cache in bytes for
    /// the async decoder.
    ///
    /// Defaults to 100MB (across all columns). Set to `usize::MAX` to use
    /// unlimited cache size.
    ///
    /// This cache is used to store decoded arrays that are used in
    /// predicate evaluation ([`Self::with_row_filter`]).
    ///
    /// This cache is only used for the "async" decoder, [`ParquetRecordBatchStream`]. See
    /// [this ticket] for more details and alternatives.
    ///
    /// [`ParquetRecordBatchStream`]: https://docs.rs/parquet/latest/parquet/arrow/async_reader/struct.ParquetRecordBatchStream.html
    /// [this ticket]: https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/8000
    pub fn with_max_predicate_cache_size(self, max_predicate_cache_size: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            max_predicate_cache_size,
            ..self
        }
    }
}

/// Options that control how [`ParquetMetaData`] is read when constructing
/// an Arrow reader.
///
/// To use these options, pass them to one of the following methods:
/// * [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options`]
/// * [`ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder::new_with_options`]
///
/// For fine-grained control over metadata loading, use
/// [`ArrowReaderMetadata::load`] to load metadata with these options,
///
/// See [`ArrowReaderBuilder`] for how to configure how the column data
/// is then read from the file, including projection and filter pushdown
///
/// [`ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder::new_with_options`]: crate::arrow::async_reader::ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder::new_with_options
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct ArrowReaderOptions {
    /// Should the reader strip any user defined metadata from the Arrow schema
    skip_arrow_metadata: bool,
    /// If provided, used as the schema hint when determining the Arrow schema,
    /// otherwise the schema hint is read from the [ARROW_SCHEMA_META_KEY]
    ///
    /// [ARROW_SCHEMA_META_KEY]: crate::arrow::ARROW_SCHEMA_META_KEY
    supplied_schema: Option<SchemaRef>,

    pub(crate) column_index: PageIndexPolicy,
    pub(crate) offset_index: PageIndexPolicy,

    /// Options to control reading of Parquet metadata
    metadata_options: ParquetMetaDataOptions,
    /// If encryption is enabled, the file decryption properties can be provided
    #[cfg(feature = "encryption")]
    pub(crate) file_decryption_properties: Option<Arc<FileDecryptionProperties>>,

    virtual_columns: Vec<FieldRef>,
}

impl ArrowReaderOptions {
    /// Create a new [`ArrowReaderOptions`] with the default settings
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    /// Skip decoding the embedded arrow metadata (defaults to `false`)
    ///
    /// Parquet files generated by some writers may contain embedded arrow
    /// schema and metadata.
    /// This may not be correct or compatible with your system,
    /// for example, see [ARROW-16184](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16184)
    pub fn with_skip_arrow_metadata(self, skip_arrow_metadata: bool) -> Self {
        Self {
            skip_arrow_metadata,
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Provide a schema hint to use when reading the Parquet file.
    ///
    /// If provided, this schema takes precedence over any arrow schema embedded
    /// in the metadata (see the [`arrow`] documentation for more details).
    ///
    /// If the provided schema is not compatible with the data stored in the
    /// parquet file schema, an error will be returned when constructing the
    /// builder.
    ///
    /// This option is only required if you want to explicitly control the
    /// conversion of Parquet types to Arrow types, such as casting a column to
    /// a different type. For example, if you wanted to read an Int64 in
    /// a Parquet file to a [`TimestampMicrosecondArray`] in the Arrow schema.
    ///
    /// [`arrow`]: crate::arrow
    /// [`TimestampMicrosecondArray`]: arrow_array::TimestampMicrosecondArray
    ///
    /// # Notes
    ///
    /// The provided schema must have the same number of columns as the parquet schema and
    /// the column names must be the same.
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// # use bytes::Bytes;
    /// # use arrow_array::{ArrayRef, Int32Array, RecordBatch};
    /// # use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema, TimeUnit};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::{ArrowReaderOptions, ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::ArrowWriter;
    /// // Write data - schema is inferred from the data to be Int32
    /// let mut file = Vec::new();
    /// let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![
    ///     ("col_1", Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3])) as ArrayRef),
    /// ]).unwrap();
    /// let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut file, batch.schema(), None).unwrap();
    /// writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
    /// writer.close().unwrap();
    /// let file = Bytes::from(file);
    ///
    /// // Read the file back.
    /// // Supply a schema that interprets the Int32 column as a Timestamp.
    /// let supplied_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
    ///     Field::new("col_1", DataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Nanosecond, None), false)
    /// ]));
    /// let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_schema(supplied_schema.clone());
    /// let mut builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
    ///     file.clone(),
    ///     options
    /// ).expect("Error if the schema is not compatible with the parquet file schema.");
    ///
    /// // Create the reader and read the data using the supplied schema.
    /// let mut reader = builder.build().unwrap();
    /// let _batch = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Example: Preserving Dictionary Encoding
    ///
    /// By default, Parquet string columns are read as `Utf8Array` (or `LargeUtf8Array`),
    /// even if the underlying Parquet data uses dictionary encoding. You can preserve
    /// the dictionary encoding by specifying a `Dictionary` type in the schema hint:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// # use bytes::Bytes;
    /// # use arrow_array::{ArrayRef, RecordBatch, StringArray};
    /// # use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::{ArrowReaderOptions, ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::ArrowWriter;
    /// // Write a Parquet file with string data
    /// let mut file = Vec::new();
    /// let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
    ///     Field::new("city", DataType::Utf8, false)
    /// ]));
    /// let cities = StringArray::from(vec!["Berlin", "Berlin", "Paris", "Berlin", "Paris"]);
    /// let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(schema.clone(), vec![Arc::new(cities)]).unwrap();
    ///
    /// let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut file, batch.schema(), None).unwrap();
    /// writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
    /// writer.close().unwrap();
    /// let file = Bytes::from(file);
    ///
    /// // Read the file back, requesting dictionary encoding preservation
    /// let dict_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
    ///     Field::new("city", DataType::Dictionary(
    ///         Box::new(DataType::Int32),
    ///         Box::new(DataType::Utf8)
    ///     ), false)
    /// ]));
    /// let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_schema(dict_schema);
    /// let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
    ///     file.clone(),
    ///     options
    /// ).unwrap();
    ///
    /// let mut reader = builder.build().unwrap();
    /// let batch = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
    ///
    /// // The column is now a DictionaryArray
    /// assert!(matches!(
    ///     batch.column(0).data_type(),
    ///     DataType::Dictionary(_, _)
    /// ));
    /// ```
    ///
    /// **Note**: Dictionary encoding preservation works best when:
    /// 1. The original column was dictionary encoded (the default for string columns)
    /// 2. There are a small number of distinct values
    pub fn with_schema(self, schema: SchemaRef) -> Self {
        Self {
            supplied_schema: Some(schema),
            skip_arrow_metadata: true,
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Sets the [`PageIndexPolicy`] for both the column and offset indexes.
    ///
    /// The `PageIndex` can be used to push down predicates to the parquet scan,
    /// potentially eliminating unnecessary IO, by some query engines.
    /// The `PageIndex` consists of two structures: the `ColumnIndex` and `OffsetIndex`.
    /// This method sets the same policy for both. For fine-grained control, use
    /// [`Self::with_column_index_policy`] and [`Self::with_offset_index_policy`].
    pub fn with_page_index_policy(self, policy: PageIndexPolicy) -> Self {
        self.with_column_index_policy(policy)
            .with_offset_index_policy(policy)
    }

    /// Sets the [`PageIndexPolicy`] for the Parquet [ColumnIndex] structure.
    ///
    /// The `ColumnIndex` contains min/max statistics for each page, which can be used
    /// for predicate pushdown and page-level pruning.
    ///
    /// [ColumnIndex]: https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/PageIndex.md
    pub fn with_column_index_policy(mut self, policy: PageIndexPolicy) -> Self {
        self.column_index = policy;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the [`PageIndexPolicy`] for the Parquet [OffsetIndex] structure.
    ///
    /// The `OffsetIndex` contains the locations and sizes of each page, which enables
    /// efficient page-level skipping and random access within column chunks.
    ///
    /// [OffsetIndex]: https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/master/PageIndex.md
    pub fn with_offset_index_policy(mut self, policy: PageIndexPolicy) -> Self {
        self.offset_index = policy;
        self
    }

    /// Provide a Parquet schema to use when decoding the metadata. The schema in the Parquet
    /// footer will be skipped.
    ///
    /// This can be used to avoid reparsing the schema from the file when it is
    /// already known.
    pub fn with_parquet_schema(mut self, schema: Arc<SchemaDescriptor>) -> Self {
        self.metadata_options.set_schema(schema);
        self
    }

    /// Set whether to convert the [`encoding_stats`] in the Parquet `ColumnMetaData` to a bitmask
    /// (defaults to `false`).
    ///
    /// See [`ColumnChunkMetaData::page_encoding_stats_mask`] for an explanation of why this
    /// might be desirable.
    ///
    /// [`ColumnChunkMetaData::page_encoding_stats_mask`]:
    /// crate::file::metadata::ColumnChunkMetaData::page_encoding_stats_mask
    /// [`encoding_stats`]:
    /// https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/786142e26740487930ddc3ec5e39d780bd930907/src/main/thrift/parquet.thrift#L917
    pub fn with_encoding_stats_as_mask(mut self, val: bool) -> Self {
        self.metadata_options.set_encoding_stats_as_mask(val);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the decoding policy for [`encoding_stats`] in the Parquet `ColumnMetaData`.
    ///
    /// [`encoding_stats`]:
    /// https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/786142e26740487930ddc3ec5e39d780bd930907/src/main/thrift/parquet.thrift#L917
    pub fn with_encoding_stats_policy(mut self, policy: ParquetStatisticsPolicy) -> Self {
        self.metadata_options.set_encoding_stats_policy(policy);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the decoding policy for [`statistics`] in the Parquet `ColumnMetaData`.
    ///
    /// [`statistics`]:
    /// https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/786142e26740487930ddc3ec5e39d780bd930907/src/main/thrift/parquet.thrift#L912
    pub fn with_column_stats_policy(mut self, policy: ParquetStatisticsPolicy) -> Self {
        self.metadata_options.set_column_stats_policy(policy);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the decoding policy for [`size_statistics`] in the Parquet `ColumnMetaData`.
    ///
    /// [`size_statistics`]:
    /// https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/blob/786142e26740487930ddc3ec5e39d780bd930907/src/main/thrift/parquet.thrift#L936
    pub fn with_size_stats_policy(mut self, policy: ParquetStatisticsPolicy) -> Self {
        self.metadata_options.set_size_stats_policy(policy);
        self
    }

    /// Provide the file decryption properties to use when reading encrypted parquet files.
    ///
    /// If encryption is enabled and the file is encrypted, the `file_decryption_properties` must be provided.
    #[cfg(feature = "encryption")]
    pub fn with_file_decryption_properties(
        self,
        file_decryption_properties: Arc<FileDecryptionProperties>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            file_decryption_properties: Some(file_decryption_properties),
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Include virtual columns in the output.
    ///
    /// Virtual columns are columns that are not part of the Parquet schema, but are added to the output by the reader such as row numbers and row group indices.
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// # use bytes::Bytes;
    /// # use arrow_array::{ArrayRef, Int64Array, RecordBatch};
    /// # use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::{ArrowWriter, RowNumber};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::{ArrowReaderOptions, ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// // Create a simple record batch with some data
    /// let values = Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3])) as ArrayRef;
    /// let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("value", values)])?;
    ///
    /// // Write the batch to an in-memory buffer
    /// let mut file = Vec::new();
    /// let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(
    ///     &mut file,
    ///     batch.schema(),
    ///     None
    /// )?;
    /// writer.write(&batch)?;
    /// writer.close()?;
    /// let file = Bytes::from(file);
    ///
    /// // Create a virtual column for row numbers
    /// let row_number_field = Arc::new(Field::new("row_number", DataType::Int64, false)
    ///     .with_extension_type(RowNumber));
    ///
    /// // Configure options with virtual columns
    /// let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
    ///     .with_virtual_columns(vec![row_number_field])?;
    ///
    /// // Create a reader with the options
    /// let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
    ///     file,
    ///     options
    /// )?
    /// .build()?;
    ///
    /// // Read the batch - it will include both the original column and the virtual row_number column
    /// let result_batch = reader.next().unwrap()?;
    /// assert_eq!(result_batch.num_columns(), 2); // "value" + "row_number"
    /// assert_eq!(result_batch.num_rows(), 3);
    /// #
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn with_virtual_columns(self, virtual_columns: Vec<FieldRef>) -> Result<Self> {
        // Validate that all fields are virtual columns
        for field in &virtual_columns {
            if !is_virtual_column(field) {
                return Err(ParquetError::General(format!(
                    "Field '{}' is not a virtual column. Virtual columns must have extension type names starting with 'arrow.virtual.'",
                    field.name()
                )));
            }
        }
        Ok(Self {
            virtual_columns,
            ..self
        })
    }

    /// Retrieve the currently set [`PageIndexPolicy`] for the offset index.
    ///
    /// This can be set via [`with_offset_index_policy`][Self::with_offset_index_policy]
    /// or [`with_page_index_policy`][Self::with_page_index_policy].
    pub fn offset_index_policy(&self) -> PageIndexPolicy {
        self.offset_index
    }

    /// Retrieve the currently set [`PageIndexPolicy`] for the column index.
    ///
    /// This can be set via [`with_column_index_policy`][Self::with_column_index_policy]
    /// or [`with_page_index_policy`][Self::with_page_index_policy].
    pub fn column_index_policy(&self) -> PageIndexPolicy {
        self.column_index
    }

    /// Retrieve the currently set metadata decoding options.
    pub fn metadata_options(&self) -> &ParquetMetaDataOptions {
        &self.metadata_options
    }

    /// Retrieve the currently set file decryption properties.
    ///
    /// This can be set via
    /// [`file_decryption_properties`][Self::with_file_decryption_properties].
    #[cfg(feature = "encryption")]
    pub fn file_decryption_properties(&self) -> Option<&Arc<FileDecryptionProperties>> {
        self.file_decryption_properties.as_ref()
    }
}

impl ParquetMetaDataReader {
    /// Applies the metadata related settings from [`ArrowReaderOptions`],
    /// such as the [`ParquetMetaDataOptions`], decryption properties, and
    /// [`PageIndexPolicy`] to this reader.
    ///
    /// The page index policies are only applied if at least one of them is not
    /// [`PageIndexPolicy::Skip`], so policies previously configured on this
    /// reader (e.g. from a preload setting) are preserved when the options do
    /// not request the page index.
    ///
    /// This encodes the canonical way to construct a `ParquetMetaDataReader`
    /// inside `AsyncFileReader::get_metadata` (available with the `async`
    /// feature), so implementations outside this crate do not need to
    /// duplicate it.
    pub fn with_arrow_reader_options(mut self, options: Option<&ArrowReaderOptions>) -> Self {
        let Some(options) = options else { return self };

        self = self.with_metadata_options(Some(options.metadata_options().clone()));

        #[cfg(feature = "encryption")]
        {
            self = self.with_decryption_properties(
                options.file_decryption_properties.as_ref().map(Arc::clone),
            );
        }

        if options.column_index_policy() != PageIndexPolicy::Skip
            || options.offset_index_policy() != PageIndexPolicy::Skip
        {
            self = self
                .with_column_index_policy(options.column_index_policy())
                .with_offset_index_policy(options.offset_index_policy());
        }

        self
    }
}

/// The metadata necessary to construct a [`ArrowReaderBuilder`]
///
/// Note this structure is cheaply clone-able as it consists of several arcs.
///
/// This structure allows
///
/// 1. Loading metadata for a file once and then using that same metadata to
///    construct multiple separate readers, for example, to distribute readers
///    across multiple threads
///
/// 2. Using a cached copy of the [`ParquetMetadata`] rather than reading it
///    from the file each time a reader is constructed.
///
/// [`ParquetMetadata`]: crate::file::metadata::ParquetMetaData
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ArrowReaderMetadata {
    /// The Parquet Metadata, if known aprior
    pub(crate) metadata: Arc<ParquetMetaData>,
    /// The Arrow Schema
    pub(crate) schema: SchemaRef,
    /// The Parquet schema (root field)
    pub(crate) fields: Option<Arc<ParquetField>>,
}

impl ArrowReaderMetadata {
    /// Create [`ArrowReaderMetadata`] from the provided [`ArrowReaderOptions`]
    /// and [`ChunkReader`]
    ///
    /// See [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::new_with_metadata`] for an
    /// example of how this can be used
    ///
    /// # Notes
    ///
    /// If `options` indicates the page index should be read, but
    /// `Self::metadata` is missing the page index, this function will attempt
    /// to load the page index by making an object store request.
    ///
    /// See [`ArrowReaderOptions::with_page_index_policy`] for more information on the page index.
    pub fn load<T: ChunkReader>(reader: &T, options: ArrowReaderOptions) -> Result<Self> {
        let metadata = ParquetMetaDataReader::new()
            .with_column_index_policy(options.column_index)
            .with_offset_index_policy(options.offset_index)
            .with_metadata_options(Some(options.metadata_options.clone()));
        #[cfg(feature = "encryption")]
        let metadata = metadata.with_decryption_properties(
            options.file_decryption_properties.as_ref().map(Arc::clone),
        );
        let metadata = metadata.parse_and_finish(reader)?;
        Self::try_new(Arc::new(metadata), options)
    }

    /// Create a new [`ArrowReaderMetadata`] from a pre-existing
    /// [`ParquetMetaData`] and [`ArrowReaderOptions`].
    ///
    /// # Notes
    ///
    /// This function will not attempt to load the PageIndex if not present in the metadata, regardless
    /// of the settings in `options`. See [`Self::load`] to load metadata including the page index if needed.
    pub fn try_new(metadata: Arc<ParquetMetaData>, options: ArrowReaderOptions) -> Result<Self> {
        match options.supplied_schema {
            Some(supplied_schema) => Self::with_supplied_schema(
                metadata,
                supplied_schema.clone(),
                &options.virtual_columns,
            ),
            None => {
                let kv_metadata = match options.skip_arrow_metadata {
                    true => None,
                    false => metadata.file_metadata().key_value_metadata(),
                };

                let (schema, fields) = parquet_to_arrow_schema_and_fields(
                    metadata.file_metadata().schema_descr(),
                    ProjectionMask::all(),
                    kv_metadata,
                    &options.virtual_columns,
                )?;

                Ok(Self {
                    metadata,
                    schema: Arc::new(schema),
                    fields: fields.map(Arc::new),
                })
            }
        }
    }

    fn with_supplied_schema(
        metadata: Arc<ParquetMetaData>,
        supplied_schema: SchemaRef,
        virtual_columns: &[FieldRef],
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let parquet_schema = metadata.file_metadata().schema_descr();
        let field_levels = parquet_to_arrow_field_levels_with_virtual(
            parquet_schema,
            ProjectionMask::all(),
            Some(supplied_schema.fields()),
            virtual_columns,
        )?;
        let fields = field_levels.fields;
        let inferred_len = fields.len();
        let supplied_len = supplied_schema.fields().len() + virtual_columns.len();
        // Ensure the supplied schema has the same number of columns as the parquet schema.
        // parquet_to_arrow_field_levels is expected to throw an error if the schemas have
        // different lengths, but we check here to be safe.
        if inferred_len != supplied_len {
            return Err(arrow_err!(format!(
                "Incompatible supplied Arrow schema: expected {} columns received {}",
                inferred_len, supplied_len
            )));
        }

        let mut errors = Vec::new();

        let field_iter = supplied_schema.fields().iter().zip(fields.iter());

        for (field1, field2) in field_iter {
            if field1.data_type() != field2.data_type() {
                errors.push(format!(
                    "data type mismatch for field {}: requested {} but found {}",
                    field1.name(),
                    field1.data_type(),
                    field2.data_type()
                ));
            }
            if field1.is_nullable() != field2.is_nullable() {
                errors.push(format!(
                    "nullability mismatch for field {}: expected {:?} but found {:?}",
                    field1.name(),
                    field1.is_nullable(),
                    field2.is_nullable()
                ));
            }
            if field1.metadata() != field2.metadata() {
                errors.push(format!(
                    "metadata mismatch for field {}: expected {:?} but found {:?}",
                    field1.name(),
                    field1.metadata(),
                    field2.metadata()
                ));
            }
        }

        if !errors.is_empty() {
            let message = errors.join(", ");
            return Err(ParquetError::ArrowError(format!(
                "Incompatible supplied Arrow schema: {message}",
            )));
        }

        Ok(Self {
            metadata,
            schema: supplied_schema,
            fields: field_levels.levels.map(Arc::new),
        })
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the [`ParquetMetaData`] for this parquet file
    pub fn metadata(&self) -> &Arc<ParquetMetaData> {
        &self.metadata
    }

    /// Returns the parquet [`SchemaDescriptor`] for this parquet file
    pub fn parquet_schema(&self) -> &SchemaDescriptor {
        self.metadata.file_metadata().schema_descr()
    }

    /// Returns the arrow [`SchemaRef`] for this parquet file
    pub fn schema(&self) -> &SchemaRef {
        &self.schema
    }
}

#[doc(hidden)]
// A newtype used within `ReaderOptionsBuilder` to distinguish sync readers from async
pub struct SyncReader<T: ChunkReader>(T);

impl<T: Debug + ChunkReader> Debug for SyncReader<T> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_tuple("SyncReader").field(&self.0).finish()
    }
}

/// Creates [`ParquetRecordBatchReader`] for reading Parquet files into Arrow [`RecordBatch`]es
///
/// # See Also
/// * [`crate::arrow::async_reader::ParquetRecordBatchStreamBuilder`] for an async API
/// * [`crate::arrow::push_decoder::ParquetPushDecoderBuilder`] for a SansIO decoder API
/// * [`ArrowReaderBuilder`] for additional member functions
pub type ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder<T> = ArrowReaderBuilder<SyncReader<T>>;

impl<T: ChunkReader + 'static> ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder<T> {
    /// Create a new [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder`]
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// # use bytes::Bytes;
    /// # use arrow_array::{Int32Array, RecordBatch};
    /// # use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::{ParquetRecordBatchReader, ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::ArrowWriter;
    /// # let mut file: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
    /// # let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new("i32", DataType::Int32, false)]));
    /// # let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut file, schema.clone(), None).unwrap();
    /// # let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3]))]).unwrap();
    /// # writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
    /// # writer.close().unwrap();
    /// # let file = Bytes::from(file);
    /// // Build the reader from anything that implements `ChunkReader`
    /// // such as a `File`, or `Bytes`
    /// let mut builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();
    /// // The builder has access to ParquetMetaData such
    /// // as the number and layout of row groups
    /// assert_eq!(builder.metadata().num_row_groups(), 1);
    /// // Call build to create the reader
    /// let mut reader: ParquetRecordBatchReader = builder.build().unwrap();
    /// // Read data
    /// while let Some(batch) = reader.next().transpose()? {
    ///     println!("Read {} rows", batch.num_rows());
    /// }
    /// # Ok::<(), parquet::errors::ParquetError>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn try_new(reader: T) -> Result<Self> {
        Self::try_new_with_options(reader, Default::default())
    }

    /// Create a new [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder`] with [`ArrowReaderOptions`]
    ///
    /// Use this method if you want to control the options for reading the
    /// [`ParquetMetaData`]
    pub fn try_new_with_options(reader: T, options: ArrowReaderOptions) -> Result<Self> {
        let metadata = ArrowReaderMetadata::load(&reader, options)?;
        Ok(Self::new_with_metadata(reader, metadata))
    }

    /// Create a [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder`] from the provided [`ArrowReaderMetadata`]
    ///
    /// Use this method if you already have [`ParquetMetaData`] for a file.
    /// This interface allows:
    ///
    /// 1. Loading metadata once and using it to create multiple builders with
    ///    potentially different settings or run on different threads
    ///
    /// 2. Using a cached copy of the metadata rather than re-reading it from the
    ///    file each time a reader is constructed.
    ///
    /// See the docs on [`ArrowReaderMetadata`] for more details
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```
    /// # use std::fs::metadata;
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// # use bytes::Bytes;
    /// # use arrow_array::{Int32Array, RecordBatch};
    /// # use arrow_schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::arrow_reader::{ArrowReaderMetadata, ParquetRecordBatchReader, ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder};
    /// # use parquet::arrow::ArrowWriter;
    /// #
    /// # let mut file: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
    /// # let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new("i32", DataType::Int32, false)]));
    /// # let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut file, schema.clone(), None).unwrap();
    /// # let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3]))]).unwrap();
    /// # writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
    /// # writer.close().unwrap();
    /// # let file = Bytes::from(file);
    /// #
    /// let metadata = ArrowReaderMetadata::load(&file, Default::default()).unwrap();
    /// let mut a = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::new_with_metadata(file.clone(), metadata.clone()).build().unwrap();
    /// let mut b = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::new_with_metadata(file, metadata).build().unwrap();
    ///
    /// // Should be able to read from both in parallel
    /// assert_eq!(a.next().unwrap().unwrap(), b.next().unwrap().unwrap());
    /// ```
    pub fn new_with_metadata(input: T, metadata: ArrowReaderMetadata) -> Self {
        Self::new_builder(SyncReader(input), metadata)
    }

    /// Read bloom filter for a column in a row group
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the column does not have a bloom filter
    ///
    /// We should call this function after other forms pruning, such as projection and predicate pushdown.
    pub fn get_row_group_column_bloom_filter(
        &self,
        row_group_idx: usize,
        column_idx: usize,
    ) -> Result<Option<Sbbf>> {
        let metadata = self.metadata.row_group(row_group_idx);
        let column_metadata = metadata.column(column_idx);

        let offset: u64 = if let Some(offset) = column_metadata.bloom_filter_offset() {
            offset
                .try_into()
                .map_err(|_| ParquetError::General("Bloom filter offset is invalid".to_string()))?
        } else {
            return Ok(None);
        };

        let buffer = match column_metadata.bloom_filter_length() {
            Some(length) => self.input.0.get_bytes(offset, length as usize),
            None => self.input.0.get_bytes(offset, SBBF_HEADER_SIZE_ESTIMATE),
        }?;

        let (header, bitset_offset) =
            chunk_read_bloom_filter_header_and_offset(offset, buffer.clone())?;

        match header.algorithm {
            BloomFilterAlgorithm::BLOCK => {
                // this match exists to future proof the singleton algorithm enum
            }
        }
        match header.compression {
            BloomFilterCompression::UNCOMPRESSED => {
                // this match exists to future proof the singleton compression enum
            }
        }
        match header.hash {
            BloomFilterHash::XXHASH => {
                // this match exists to future proof the singleton hash enum
            }
        }

        let bitset = match column_metadata.bloom_filter_length() {
            Some(_) => {
                let bitset_start = bitset_offset
                    .checked_sub(offset)
                    .and_then(|start| usize::try_from(start).ok())
                    .ok_or_else(|| {
                        ParquetError::General("Bloom filter offset is invalid".to_string())
                    })?;
                buffer.slice(bitset_start..)
            }
            None => {
                let bitset_length: usize = header.num_bytes.try_into().map_err(|_| {
                    ParquetError::General("Bloom filter length is invalid".to_string())
                })?;
                self.input.0.get_bytes(bitset_offset, bitset_length)?
            }
        };
        Ok(Some(Sbbf::new(&bitset)))
    }

    /// Build a [`ParquetRecordBatchReader`]
    ///
    /// Note: this will eagerly evaluate any `RowFilter` before returning
    pub fn build(self) -> Result<ParquetRecordBatchReader> {
        let Self {
            input,
            metadata,
            schema: _,
            fields,
            batch_size,
            row_group_plan,
            projection,
            mut filter,
            row_selection_policy,
            limit,
            offset,
            metrics,
            // Not used for the sync reader, see https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/8000
            max_predicate_cache_size: _,
        } = self;

        // Try to avoid allocate large buffer
        let batch_size = batch_size.min(metadata.file_metadata().num_rows() as usize);

        let (row_groups, selection) = row_group_plan.into_global()?;

        let row_groups = row_groups.unwrap_or_else(|| (0..metadata.num_row_groups()).collect());

        let reader = ReaderRowGroups {
            reader: Arc::new(input.0),
            metadata,
            row_groups,
        };

        let mut plan_builder = ReadPlanBuilder::new(batch_size)
            .with_selection(selection)
            .with_row_selection_policy(row_selection_policy);

        // Update selection based on any filters
        if let Some(filter) = filter.as_mut() {
            for predicate in &mut filter.predicates {
                // break early if we have ruled out all rows
                if !plan_builder.selects_any() {
                    break;
                }

                let mut cache_projection = predicate.projection().clone();
                cache_projection.intersect(&projection);

                let array_reader = ArrayReaderBuilder::new(&reader, &metrics)
                    .with_batch_size(batch_size)
                    .with_parquet_metadata(&reader.metadata)
                    .build_array_reader(fields.as_deref(), predicate.projection())?;

                plan_builder = plan_builder.with_predicate(array_reader, predicate.as_mut())?;
            }
        }

        let array_reader = ArrayReaderBuilder::new(&reader, &metrics)
            .with_batch_size(batch_size)
            .with_parquet_metadata(&reader.metadata)
            .build_array_reader(fields.as_deref(), &projection)?;

        let read_plan = plan_builder
            .limited(reader.num_rows())
            .with_offset(offset)
            .with_limit(limit)
            .build_limited()
            .build();

        Ok(ParquetRecordBatchReader::new(array_reader, read_plan))
    }
}

struct ReaderRowGroups<T: ChunkReader> {
    reader: Arc<T>,

    metadata: Arc<ParquetMetaData>,
    /// Optional list of row group indices to scan
    row_groups: Vec<usize>,
}

impl<T: ChunkReader + 'static> RowGroups for ReaderRowGroups<T> {
    fn num_rows(&self) -> usize {
        let meta = self.metadata.row_groups();
        self.row_groups
            .iter()
            .map(|x| meta[*x].num_rows() as usize)
            .sum()
    }

    fn column_chunks(&self, i: usize) -> Result<Box<dyn PageIterator>> {
        Ok(Box::new(ReaderPageIterator {
            column_idx: i,
            reader: self.reader.clone(),
            metadata: self.metadata.clone(),
            row_groups: self.row_groups.clone().into_iter(),
        }))
    }

    fn row_groups(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &RowGroupMetaData> + '_> {
        Box::new(
            self.row_groups
                .iter()
                .map(move |i| self.metadata.row_group(*i)),
        )
    }

    fn metadata(&self) -> &ParquetMetaData {
        self.metadata.as_ref()
    }
}

struct ReaderPageIterator<T: ChunkReader> {
    reader: Arc<T>,
    column_idx: usize,
    row_groups: std::vec::IntoIter<usize>,
    metadata: Arc<ParquetMetaData>,
}

impl<T: ChunkReader + 'static> ReaderPageIterator<T> {
    /// Return the next SerializedPageReader
    fn next_page_reader(&self, rg_idx: usize) -> Result<SerializedPageReader<T>> {
        let rg = self.metadata.row_group(rg_idx);
        let column_chunk_metadata = rg.column(self.column_idx);
        let page_locations = self
            .metadata
            .page_index()
            .map(|i| i.page_locations(rg_idx, self.column_idx).cloned())
            .unwrap_or(None);
        let total_rows = rg.num_rows() as usize;
        let reader = self.reader.clone();

        SerializedPageReader::new(reader, column_chunk_metadata, total_rows, page_locations)?
            .add_crypto_context(
                rg_idx,
                self.column_idx,
                self.metadata.as_ref(),
                column_chunk_metadata,
            )
    }
}

impl<T: ChunkReader + 'static> Iterator for ReaderPageIterator<T> {
    type Item = Result<Box<dyn PageReader>>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        let rg_idx = self.row_groups.next()?;
        let page_reader = self
            .next_page_reader(rg_idx)
            .map(|page_reader| Box::new(page_reader) as _);
        Some(page_reader)
    }
}

impl<T: ChunkReader + 'static> PageIterator for ReaderPageIterator<T> {}

/// Reads Parquet data as Arrow [`RecordBatch`]es
///
/// This struct implements the [`RecordBatchReader`] trait and is an
/// `Iterator<Item = ArrowResult<RecordBatch>>` that yields [`RecordBatch`]es.
///
/// Typically, either reads from a file or an in memory buffer [`Bytes`]
///
/// Created by [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder`]
///
/// [`Bytes`]: bytes::Bytes
pub struct ParquetRecordBatchReader {
    array_reader: Box<dyn ArrayReader>,
    schema: SchemaRef,
    read_plan: ReadPlan,
}

/// Accumulates filter masks for decoded chunks in one logical output batch.
///
/// The first chunk keeps its [`BooleanBuffer`] without copying. A second chunk
/// promotes the accumulator to a [`BooleanBufferBuilder`], and later chunks are
/// appended to it. For example, chunks `1001` and `1` become `10011`:
///
/// ```text
///           append(1001)             append(1)
///   Empty ───────────────▶ Single ───────────────▶ Combined
///                          1001                    10011
///                          (zero copy)             (promoted to builder)
/// ```
///
/// The combined mask lines up with the rows that [`ArrayReader::read_records`]
/// buffered across the decoded chunks (see [`read_mask_batch`]). Consuming the
/// buffered batch and filtering it with the accumulated mask yields the output.
///
/// ```text
///   decoded rows:   0 1 2 3   11   <-- buffered by the array reader
///   chunk masks:   [1 0 0 1] [1]
///   finish():       1 0 0 1   1    <-- filters the whole batch in one pass
/// ```
#[derive(Default)]
enum FilterMaskAccumulator {
    #[default]
    Empty,
    Single(BooleanBuffer),
    Combined(BooleanBufferBuilder),
}

impl FilterMaskAccumulator {
    fn append(&mut self, mask: BooleanBuffer) {
        *self = match std::mem::take(self) {
            Self::Empty => Self::Single(mask),
            Self::Single(first) => {
                let mut combined = BooleanBufferBuilder::new(first.len() + mask.len());
                combined.append_buffer(&first);
                combined.append_buffer(&mask);
                Self::Combined(combined)
            }
            Self::Combined(mut combined) => {
                combined.append_buffer(&mask);
                Self::Combined(combined)
            }
        };
    }

    fn finish(self) -> Option<BooleanBuffer> {
        match self {
            Self::Empty => None,
            Self::Single(mask) => Some(mask),
            Self::Combined(combined) => Some(combined.build()),
        }
    }
}

/// Converts the projection buffered by `array_reader` into a record batch.
fn consume_record_batch(array_reader: &mut dyn ArrayReader) -> Result<RecordBatch> {
    let array = array_reader.consume_batch()?;
    let struct_array = array.as_struct_opt().ok_or_else(|| {
        ArrowError::ParquetError("Struct array reader should return struct array".to_string())
    })?;
    Ok(RecordBatch::from(struct_array))
}

/// Reads one logical Mask batch, potentially spanning multiple loaded ranges.
///
/// Each [`MaskCursor`] chunk is safe to decode because it stays within loaded
/// pages. Gaps are crossed with [`ArrayReader::skip_records`], while decoded
/// arrays and their mask fragments remain buffered. Once `batch_size` selected
/// rows have accumulated, this consumes the underlying batch and filters it
/// once with the combined mask.
fn read_mask_batch(
    array_reader: &mut dyn ArrayReader,
    mask_cursor: &mut MaskCursor,
    batch_size: usize,
) -> Result<Option<RecordBatch>> {
    let mut selected_rows = 0;
    let mut filter_mask = FilterMaskAccumulator::default();

    while selected_rows < batch_size && !mask_cursor.is_empty() {
        let mask_chunk = mask_cursor.next_chunk(batch_size - selected_rows)?;

        if mask_chunk.initial_skip > 0 {
            let skipped = array_reader.skip_records(mask_chunk.initial_skip)?;
            if skipped != mask_chunk.initial_skip {
                return Err(general_err!(
                    "failed to skip rows, expected {}, got {}",
                    mask_chunk.initial_skip,
                    skipped
                ));
            }
        }

        let mask = mask_cursor.mask_values_for(&mask_chunk)?;
        let read = array_reader.read_records(mask_chunk.chunk_rows)?;
        if read == 0 {
            return Err(general_err!(
                "reached end of column while expecting {} rows",
                mask_chunk.chunk_rows
            ));
        }
        if read != mask_chunk.chunk_rows {
            return Err(general_err!(
                "insufficient rows read from array reader - expected {}, got {}",
                mask_chunk.chunk_rows,
                read
            ));
        }

        filter_mask.append(mask.values().clone());
        selected_rows += mask_chunk.selected_rows;
    }

    if selected_rows == 0 {
        return Ok(None);
    }

    let filter_mask = filter_mask
        .finish()
        .ok_or_else(|| general_err!("Internal Error: decoded Mask batch has no filter values"))?;
    let batch = consume_record_batch(array_reader)?;
    let filtered_batch = filter_record_batch(&batch, &BooleanArray::from(filter_mask))?;
    if filtered_batch.num_rows() != selected_rows {
        return Err(general_err!(
            "filtered rows mismatch selection - expected {}, got {}",
            selected_rows,
            filtered_batch.num_rows()
        ));
    }

    Ok(Some(filtered_batch))
}

impl Debug for ParquetRecordBatchReader {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("ParquetRecordBatchReader")
            .field("array_reader", &"...")
            .field("schema", &self.schema)
            .field("read_plan", &self.read_plan)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl Iterator for ParquetRecordBatchReader {
    type Item = Result<RecordBatch, ArrowError>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        self.next_inner()
            .map_err(|arrow_err| arrow_err.into())
            .transpose()
    }
}

impl ParquetRecordBatchReader {
    /// Returns the next `RecordBatch` from the reader, or `None` if the reader
    /// has reached the end of the file.
    ///
    /// Returns `Result<Option<..>>` rather than `Option<Result<..>>` to
    /// simplify error handling with `?`
    fn next_inner(&mut self) -> Result<Option<RecordBatch>> {
        let mut read_records = 0;
        let batch_size = self.batch_size();
        if batch_size == 0 {
            return Ok(None);
        }
        match self.read_plan.row_selection_cursor_mut() {
            RowSelectionCursor::Mask(mask_cursor) => {
                return read_mask_batch(self.array_reader.as_mut(), mask_cursor, batch_size);
            }
            RowSelectionCursor::Selectors(selectors_cursor) => {
                while read_records < batch_size && !selectors_cursor.is_empty() {
                    let front = selectors_cursor.next_selector();
                    if front.skip {
                        let skipped = self.array_reader.skip_records(front.row_count)?;

                        if skipped != front.row_count {
                            return Err(general_err!(
                                "failed to skip rows, expected {}, got {}",
                                front.row_count,
                                skipped
                            ));
                        }
                        continue;
                    }

                    //Currently, when RowSelectors with row_count = 0 are included then its interpreted as end of reader.
                    //Fix is to skip such entries. See https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/2669
                    if front.row_count == 0 {
                        continue;
                    }

                    // try to read record
                    let need_read = batch_size - read_records;
                    let to_read = match front.row_count.checked_sub(need_read) {
                        Some(remaining) if remaining != 0 => {
                            // if page row count less than batch_size we must set batch size to page row count.
                            // add check avoid dead loop
                            selectors_cursor.return_selector(RowSelector::select(remaining));
                            need_read
                        }
                        _ => front.row_count,
                    };
                    match self.array_reader.read_records(to_read)? {
                        0 => break,
                        rec => read_records += rec,
                    }
                }
            }
            RowSelectionCursor::All => {
                self.array_reader.read_records(batch_size)?;
            }
        }

        let batch = consume_record_batch(self.array_reader.as_mut())?;
        Ok(if batch.num_rows() > 0 {
            Some(batch)
        } else {
            None
        })
    }
}

impl RecordBatchReader for ParquetRecordBatchReader {
    /// Returns the projected [`SchemaRef`] for reading the parquet file.
    ///
    /// Note that the schema metadata will be stripped here. See
    /// [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::schema`] if the metadata is desired.
    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
        self.schema.clone()
    }
}

impl ParquetRecordBatchReader {
    /// Create a new [`ParquetRecordBatchReader`] from the provided chunk reader
    ///
    /// See [`ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder`] for more options
    pub fn try_new<T: ChunkReader + 'static>(reader: T, batch_size: usize) -> Result<Self> {
        ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(reader)?
            .with_batch_size(batch_size)
            .build()
    }

    /// Create a new [`ParquetRecordBatchReader`] from the provided [`RowGroups`]
    ///
    /// Note: this is a low-level interface see [`ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new`] for a
    /// higher-level interface for reading parquet data from a file
    pub fn try_new_with_row_groups(
        levels: &FieldLevels,
        row_groups: &dyn RowGroups,
        batch_size: usize,
        selection: Option<RowSelection>,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        // note metrics are not supported in this API
        let metrics = ArrowReaderMetrics::disabled();
        let array_reader = ArrayReaderBuilder::new(row_groups, &metrics)
            .with_batch_size(batch_size)
            .with_parquet_metadata(row_groups.metadata())
            .build_array_reader(levels.levels.as_ref(), &ProjectionMask::all())?;

        let read_plan = ReadPlanBuilder::new(batch_size)
            .with_selection(selection)
            .build();

        Ok(Self {
            array_reader,
            schema: Arc::new(Schema::new(levels.fields.clone())),
            read_plan,
        })
    }

    /// Create a new [`ParquetRecordBatchReader`] that will read at most `batch_size` rows at
    /// a time from [`ArrayReader`] based on the configured `selection`. If `selection` is `None`
    /// all rows will be returned
    pub(crate) fn new(array_reader: Box<dyn ArrayReader>, read_plan: ReadPlan) -> Self {
        let schema = match array_reader.get_data_type() {
            ArrowType::Struct(fields) => Schema::new(fields.clone()),
            _ => unreachable!("Struct array reader's data type is not struct!"),
        };

        Self {
            array_reader,
            schema: Arc::new(schema),
            read_plan,
        }
    }

    #[inline(always)]
    pub(crate) fn batch_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.read_plan.batch_size()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
pub(crate) mod tests {
    use std::cmp::min;
    use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
    use std::fmt::Formatter;
    use std::fs::File;
    use std::io::Seek;
    use std::path::PathBuf;
    use std::sync::Arc;

    use rand::rngs::StdRng;
    use rand::{Rng, RngExt, SeedableRng, random, rng};
    use tempfile::tempfile;

    use crate::arrow::arrow_reader::{
        ArrowPredicateFn, ArrowReaderMetadata, ArrowReaderOptions, ParquetRecordBatchReader,
        ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder, RowFilter, RowGroupPlan, RowGroupSelection, RowSelection,
        RowSelector,
    };
    use crate::arrow::schema::{
        add_encoded_arrow_schema_to_metadata,
        virtual_type::{RowGroupIndex, RowNumber},
    };
    use crate::arrow::{ArrowWriter, ProjectionMask};
    use crate::basic::{ConvertedType, Encoding, Repetition, Type as PhysicalType};
    use crate::column::reader::decoder::REPETITION_LEVELS_BATCH_SIZE;
    use crate::data_type::{
        BoolType, ByteArray, ByteArrayType, DataType, DoubleType, FixedLenByteArray,
        FixedLenByteArrayType, FloatType, Int32Type, Int64Type, Int96, Int96Type,
    };
    use crate::errors::Result;
    use crate::file::metadata::{PageIndexPolicy, ParquetMetaData, ParquetStatisticsPolicy};
    use crate::file::properties::{EnabledStatistics, WriterProperties, WriterVersion};
    use crate::file::writer::{SerializedFileWriter, SerializedRowGroupWriter};
    use crate::schema::parser::parse_message_type;
    use crate::schema::types::{Type, TypePtr};
    use crate::util::test_common::rand_gen::RandGen;
    use arrow_array::builder::*;
    use arrow_array::cast::AsArray;
    use arrow_array::types::{
        Date32Type, Date64Type, Decimal32Type, Decimal64Type, Decimal128Type, Decimal256Type,
        DecimalType, Float16Type, Float32Type, Float64Type, Time32MillisecondType,
        Time64MicrosecondType,
    };
    use arrow_array::*;
    use arrow_buffer::{ArrowNativeType, BooleanBuffer, Buffer, IntervalDayTime, NullBuffer, i256};
    use arrow_data::{ArrayData, ArrayDataBuilder};
    use arrow_schema::{DataType as ArrowDataType, Field, Fields, Schema, SchemaRef, TimeUnit};
    use arrow_select::concat::concat_batches;
    use bytes::Bytes;
    use half::f16;
    use num_traits::PrimInt;

    fn row_selection(rows: usize) -> RowSelection {
        RowSelection::from(vec![RowSelector::select(rows)])
    }

    #[test]
    fn row_group_selection_accessors() {
        let row_group = RowGroupSelection::new(3, Some(row_selection(5)));
        assert_eq!(row_group.row_group_index(), 3);
        assert_eq!(row_group.selection().unwrap().row_count(), 5);

        let row_group = RowGroupSelection::new(4, None);
        assert_eq!(row_group.row_group_index(), 4);
        assert!(row_group.selection().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn row_group_plan_tracks_global_configuration() {
        let mut plan = RowGroupPlan::Global {
            row_groups: None,
            selection: None,
        };
        plan.set_row_groups(vec![0]);
        plan.set_row_groups(vec![1, 2]);
        plan.set_row_selection(row_selection(3));
        plan.set_row_selection(row_selection(4));

        let (row_groups, selection) = plan.into_global().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(row_groups, Some(vec![1, 2]));
        assert_eq!(selection.unwrap().row_count(), 4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn row_group_plan_replaces_local_configuration() {
        let mut plan = RowGroupPlan::Global {
            row_groups: None,
            selection: None,
        };
        plan.set_row_group_selections(vec![RowGroupSelection::new(0, None)]);
        plan.set_row_group_selections(vec![RowGroupSelection::new(1, None)]);

        let RowGroupPlan::PerRowGroup(row_groups) = plan else {
            panic!("expected per-row-group plan");
        };
        assert_eq!(row_groups, vec![RowGroupSelection::new(1, None)]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn row_group_plan_rejects_mixed_configuration() {
        let mut row_groups_then_local = RowGroupPlan::Global {
            row_groups: None,
            selection: None,
        };
        row_groups_then_local.set_row_groups(vec![0]);
        row_groups_then_local.set_row_group_selections(vec![RowGroupSelection::new(0, None)]);
        assert!(matches!(row_groups_then_local, RowGroupPlan::Conflicting));
        row_groups_then_local.set_row_groups(vec![1]);
        row_groups_then_local.set_row_selection(row_selection(1));
        row_groups_then_local.set_row_group_selections(vec![RowGroupSelection::new(1, None)]);
        assert!(row_groups_then_local.into_global().is_err());

        let mut local_then_row_groups =
            RowGroupPlan::PerRowGroup(vec![RowGroupSelection::new(0, None)]);
        local_then_row_groups.set_row_groups(vec![0]);
        assert!(matches!(local_then_row_groups, RowGroupPlan::Conflicting));

        let mut local_then_selection =
            RowGroupPlan::PerRowGroup(vec![RowGroupSelection::new(0, None)]);
        local_then_selection.set_row_selection(row_selection(1));
        assert!(matches!(local_then_selection, RowGroupPlan::Conflicting));

        let local = RowGroupPlan::PerRowGroup(vec![RowGroupSelection::new(0, None)]);
        assert!(local.into_global().is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn filter_mask_accumulator_handles_empty_single_and_multiple_chunks() {
        let first = BooleanBuffer::from(vec![true, false, false, false]);
        let second = BooleanBuffer::from(vec![true]);
        let third = BooleanBuffer::from(vec![false, true]);

        assert!(super::FilterMaskAccumulator::default().finish().is_none());

        let mut single = super::FilterMaskAccumulator::default();
        single.append(first.clone());
        assert_eq!(single.finish().unwrap(), first);

        let mut combined = super::FilterMaskAccumulator::default();
        combined.append(BooleanBuffer::from(vec![true, false, false, false]));
        combined.append(second);
        combined.append(third);
        assert_eq!(
            combined.finish().unwrap(),
            BooleanBuffer::from(vec![true, false, false, false, true, false, true])
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arrow_reader_all_columns() {
        let file = get_test_file("parquet/generated_simple_numerics/blogs.parquet");

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();
        let original_schema = Arc::clone(builder.schema());
        let reader = builder.build().unwrap();

        // Verify that the schema was correctly parsed
        assert_eq!(original_schema.fields(), reader.schema().fields());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_reuse_schema() {
        let file = get_test_file("parquet/alltypes-java.parquet");

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file.try_clone().unwrap()).unwrap();
        let expected = builder.metadata;
        let schema = expected.file_metadata().schema_descr_ptr();

        let arrow_options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_parquet_schema(schema.clone());
        let builder =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file, arrow_options).unwrap();

        // Verify that the metadata matches
        assert_eq!(expected.as_ref(), builder.metadata.as_ref());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_page_encoding_stats_mask() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/alltypes_tiny_pages.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        let arrow_options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_encoding_stats_as_mask(true);
        let builder =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file, arrow_options).unwrap();

        let row_group_metadata = builder.metadata.row_group(0);

        // test page encoding stats
        let page_encoding_stats = row_group_metadata
            .column(0)
            .page_encoding_stats_mask()
            .unwrap();
        assert!(page_encoding_stats.is_only(Encoding::PLAIN));
        let page_encoding_stats = row_group_metadata
            .column(2)
            .page_encoding_stats_mask()
            .unwrap();
        assert!(page_encoding_stats.is_only(Encoding::PLAIN_DICTIONARY));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stats_stats_skipped() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/alltypes_tiny_pages.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        // test skipping all
        let arrow_options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
            .with_encoding_stats_policy(ParquetStatisticsPolicy::SkipAll)
            .with_column_stats_policy(ParquetStatisticsPolicy::SkipAll);
        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            arrow_options,
        )
        .unwrap();

        let row_group_metadata = builder.metadata.row_group(0);
        for column in row_group_metadata.columns() {
            assert!(column.page_encoding_stats().is_none());
            assert!(column.page_encoding_stats_mask().is_none());
            assert!(column.statistics().is_none());
        }

        // test skipping all but one column and converting to mask
        let arrow_options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
            .with_encoding_stats_as_mask(true)
            .with_encoding_stats_policy(ParquetStatisticsPolicy::skip_except(&[0]))
            .with_column_stats_policy(ParquetStatisticsPolicy::skip_except(&[0]));
        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            arrow_options,
        )
        .unwrap();

        let row_group_metadata = builder.metadata.row_group(0);
        for (idx, column) in row_group_metadata.columns().iter().enumerate() {
            assert!(column.page_encoding_stats().is_none());
            assert_eq!(column.page_encoding_stats_mask().is_some(), idx == 0);
            assert_eq!(column.statistics().is_some(), idx == 0);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_size_stats_stats_skipped() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/repeated_primitive_no_list.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        // test skipping all
        let arrow_options =
            ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_size_stats_policy(ParquetStatisticsPolicy::SkipAll);
        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            arrow_options,
        )
        .unwrap();

        let row_group_metadata = builder.metadata.row_group(0);
        for column in row_group_metadata.columns() {
            assert!(column.repetition_level_histogram().is_none());
            assert!(column.definition_level_histogram().is_none());
            assert!(column.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes().is_none());
        }

        // test skipping all but one column and converting to mask
        let arrow_options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
            .with_encoding_stats_as_mask(true)
            .with_size_stats_policy(ParquetStatisticsPolicy::skip_except(&[1]));
        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            arrow_options,
        )
        .unwrap();

        let row_group_metadata = builder.metadata.row_group(0);
        for (idx, column) in row_group_metadata.columns().iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(column.repetition_level_histogram().is_some(), idx == 1);
            assert_eq!(column.definition_level_histogram().is_some(), idx == 1);
            assert_eq!(column.unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes().is_some(), idx == 1);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arrow_reader_single_column() {
        let file = get_test_file("parquet/generated_simple_numerics/blogs.parquet");

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();
        let original_schema = Arc::clone(builder.schema());

        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(builder.parquet_schema(), [2]);
        let reader = builder.with_projection(mask).build().unwrap();

        // Verify that the schema was correctly parsed
        assert_eq!(1, reader.schema().fields().len());
        assert_eq!(original_schema.fields()[1], reader.schema().fields()[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arrow_reader_single_column_by_name() {
        let file = get_test_file("parquet/generated_simple_numerics/blogs.parquet");

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();
        let original_schema = Arc::clone(builder.schema());

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(builder.parquet_schema(), ["blog_id"]);
        let reader = builder.with_projection(mask).build().unwrap();

        // Verify that the schema was correctly parsed
        assert_eq!(1, reader.schema().fields().len());
        assert_eq!(original_schema.fields()[1], reader.schema().fields()[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_null_column_reader_test() {
        let mut file = tempfile::tempfile().unwrap();

        let schema = "
            message message {
                OPTIONAL INT32 int32;
            }
        ";
        let schema = Arc::new(parse_message_type(schema).unwrap());

        let def_levels = vec![vec![0, 0, 0], vec![0, 0, 0, 0]];
        generate_single_column_file_with_data::<Int32Type>(
            &[vec![], vec![]],
            Some(&def_levels),
            file.try_clone().unwrap(), // Cannot use &mut File (#1163)
            schema,
            Some(Field::new("int32", ArrowDataType::Null, true)),
            &Default::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        file.rewind().unwrap();

        let record_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 2).unwrap();
        let batches = record_reader.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(batches.len(), 4);
        for batch in &batches[0..3] {
            assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 2);
            assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 1);
            assert_eq!(batch.column(0).null_count(), 2);
        }

        assert_eq!(batches[3].num_rows(), 1);
        assert_eq!(batches[3].num_columns(), 1);
        assert_eq!(batches[3].column(0).null_count(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_primitive_single_column_reader_test() {
        run_single_column_reader_tests::<BoolType, _, BoolType>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::NONE,
            None,
            |vals| Arc::new(BooleanArray::from_iter(vals.iter().copied())),
            &[Encoding::PLAIN, Encoding::RLE, Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY],
        );
        run_single_column_reader_tests::<Int32Type, _, Int32Type>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::NONE,
            None,
            |vals| Arc::new(Int32Array::from_iter(vals.iter().copied())),
            &[
                Encoding::PLAIN,
                Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY,
                Encoding::DELTA_BINARY_PACKED,
                Encoding::BYTE_STREAM_SPLIT,
            ],
        );
        run_single_column_reader_tests::<Int64Type, _, Int64Type>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::NONE,
            None,
            |vals| Arc::new(Int64Array::from_iter(vals.iter().copied())),
            &[
                Encoding::PLAIN,
                Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY,
                Encoding::DELTA_BINARY_PACKED,
                Encoding::BYTE_STREAM_SPLIT,
            ],
        );
        run_single_column_reader_tests::<FloatType, _, FloatType>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::NONE,
            None,
            |vals| Arc::new(Float32Array::from_iter(vals.iter().copied())),
            &[Encoding::PLAIN, Encoding::BYTE_STREAM_SPLIT],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_unsigned_primitive_single_column_reader_test() {
        run_single_column_reader_tests::<Int32Type, _, Int32Type>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::UINT_32,
            Some(ArrowDataType::UInt32),
            |vals| {
                Arc::new(UInt32Array::from_iter(
                    vals.iter().map(|x| x.map(|x| x as u32)),
                ))
            },
            &[
                Encoding::PLAIN,
                Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY,
                Encoding::DELTA_BINARY_PACKED,
            ],
        );
        run_single_column_reader_tests::<Int64Type, _, Int64Type>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::UINT_64,
            Some(ArrowDataType::UInt64),
            |vals| {
                Arc::new(UInt64Array::from_iter(
                    vals.iter().map(|x| x.map(|x| x as u64)),
                ))
            },
            &[
                Encoding::PLAIN,
                Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY,
                Encoding::DELTA_BINARY_PACKED,
            ],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_unsigned_roundtrip() {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("uint32", ArrowDataType::UInt32, true),
            Field::new("uint64", ArrowDataType::UInt64, true),
        ]));

        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buf, schema.clone(), None).unwrap();

        let original = RecordBatch::try_new(
            schema,
            vec![
                Arc::new(UInt32Array::from_iter_values([
                    0,
                    i32::MAX as u32,
                    u32::MAX,
                ])),
                Arc::new(UInt64Array::from_iter_values([
                    0,
                    i64::MAX as u64,
                    u64::MAX,
                ])),
            ],
        )
        .unwrap();

        writer.write(&original).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buf), 1024).unwrap();
        let ret = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(ret, original);

        // Check they can be downcast to the correct type
        ret.column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<UInt32Array>()
            .unwrap();

        ret.column(1)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<UInt64Array>()
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_float16_roundtrip() -> Result<()> {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("float16", ArrowDataType::Float16, false),
            Field::new("float16-nullable", ArrowDataType::Float16, true),
        ]));

        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buf, schema.clone(), None)?;

        let original = RecordBatch::try_new(
            schema,
            vec![
                Arc::new(Float16Array::from_iter_values([
                    f16::EPSILON,
                    f16::MIN,
                    f16::MAX,
                    f16::NAN,
                    f16::INFINITY,
                    f16::NEG_INFINITY,
                    f16::ONE,
                    f16::NEG_ONE,
                    f16::ZERO,
                    f16::NEG_ZERO,
                    f16::E,
                    f16::PI,
                    f16::FRAC_1_PI,
                ])),
                Arc::new(Float16Array::from(vec![
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    Some(f16::NAN),
                    Some(f16::INFINITY),
                    Some(f16::NEG_INFINITY),
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    None,
                    Some(f16::FRAC_1_PI),
                ])),
            ],
        )?;

        writer.write(&original)?;
        writer.close()?;

        let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buf), 1024)?;
        let ret = reader.next().unwrap()?;
        assert_eq!(ret, original);

        // Ensure can be downcast to the correct type
        ret.column(0).as_primitive::<Float16Type>();
        ret.column(1).as_primitive::<Float16Type>();

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_time_utc_roundtrip() -> Result<()> {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new(
                "time_millis",
                ArrowDataType::Time32(TimeUnit::Millisecond),
                true,
            )
            .with_metadata(HashMap::from_iter(vec![(
                "adjusted_to_utc".to_string(),
                String::new(),
            )])),
            Field::new(
                "time_micros",
                ArrowDataType::Time64(TimeUnit::Microsecond),
                true,
            )
            .with_metadata(HashMap::from_iter(vec![(
                "adjusted_to_utc".to_string(),
                String::new(),
            )])),
        ]));

        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buf, schema.clone(), None)?;

        let original = RecordBatch::try_new(
            schema,
            vec![
                Arc::new(Time32MillisecondArray::from(vec![
                    Some(-1),
                    Some(0),
                    Some(86_399_000),
                    Some(86_400_000),
                    Some(86_401_000),
                    None,
                ])),
                Arc::new(Time64MicrosecondArray::from(vec![
                    Some(-1),
                    Some(0),
                    Some(86_399 * 1_000_000),
                    Some(86_400 * 1_000_000),
                    Some(86_401 * 1_000_000),
                    None,
                ])),
            ],
        )?;

        writer.write(&original)?;
        writer.close()?;

        let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buf), 1024)?;
        let ret = reader.next().unwrap()?;
        assert_eq!(ret, original);

        // Ensure can be downcast to the correct type
        ret.column(0).as_primitive::<Time32MillisecondType>();
        ret.column(1).as_primitive::<Time64MicrosecondType>();

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date32_roundtrip() -> Result<()> {
        use arrow_array::Date32Array;

        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "date32",
            ArrowDataType::Date32,
            false,
        )]));

        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);

        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buf, schema.clone(), None)?;

        let original = RecordBatch::try_new(
            schema,
            vec![Arc::new(Date32Array::from(vec![
                -1_000_000, -100_000, -10_000, -1_000, 0, 1_000, 10_000, 100_000, 1_000_000,
            ]))],
        )?;

        writer.write(&original)?;
        writer.close()?;

        let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buf), 1024)?;
        let ret = reader.next().unwrap()?;
        assert_eq!(ret, original);

        // Ensure can be downcast to the correct type
        ret.column(0).as_primitive::<Date32Type>();

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date64_roundtrip() -> Result<()> {
        use arrow_array::Date64Array;

        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("small-date64", ArrowDataType::Date64, false),
            Field::new("big-date64", ArrowDataType::Date64, false),
            Field::new("invalid-date64", ArrowDataType::Date64, false),
        ]));

        let mut default_buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut coerce_buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);

        let coerce_props = WriterProperties::builder().set_coerce_types(true).build();

        let mut default_writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut default_buf, schema.clone(), None)?;
        let mut coerce_writer =
            ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut coerce_buf, schema.clone(), Some(coerce_props))?;

        static NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY: i64 = 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;

        let original = RecordBatch::try_new(
            schema,
            vec![
                // small-date64
                Arc::new(Date64Array::from(vec![
                    -1_000_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
                    -1_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
                    0,
                    1_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
                    1_000_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
                ])),
                // big-date64
                Arc::new(Date64Array::from(vec![
                    -10_000_000_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
                    -1_000_000_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
                    0,
                    1_000_000_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
                    10_000_000_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY,
                ])),
                // invalid-date64
                Arc::new(Date64Array::from(vec![
                    -1_000_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY + 1,
                    -1_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY + 1,
                    1,
                    1_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY + 1,
                    1_000_000 * NUM_MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY + 1,
                ])),
            ],
        )?;

        default_writer.write(&original)?;
        coerce_writer.write(&original)?;

        default_writer.close()?;
        coerce_writer.close()?;

        let mut default_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(default_buf), 1024)?;
        let mut coerce_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(coerce_buf), 1024)?;

        let default_ret = default_reader.next().unwrap()?;
        let coerce_ret = coerce_reader.next().unwrap()?;

        // Roundtrip should be successful when default writer used
        assert_eq!(default_ret, original);

        // Only small-date64 should roundtrip successfully when coerce_types writer is used
        assert_eq!(coerce_ret.column(0), original.column(0));
        assert_ne!(coerce_ret.column(1), original.column(1));
        assert_ne!(coerce_ret.column(2), original.column(2));

        // Ensure both can be downcast to the correct type
        default_ret.column(0).as_primitive::<Date64Type>();
        coerce_ret.column(0).as_primitive::<Date64Type>();

        Ok(())
    }
    struct RandFixedLenGen {}

    impl RandGen<FixedLenByteArrayType> for RandFixedLenGen {
        fn r#gen(len: i32) -> FixedLenByteArray {
            let mut v = vec![0u8; len as usize];
            rng().fill_bytes(&mut v);
            ByteArray::from(v).into()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_fixed_length_binary_column_reader() {
        run_single_column_reader_tests::<FixedLenByteArrayType, _, RandFixedLenGen>(
            20,
            ConvertedType::NONE,
            None,
            |vals| {
                let mut builder = FixedSizeBinaryBuilder::with_capacity(vals.len(), 20);
                for val in vals {
                    match val {
                        Some(b) => builder.append_value(b).unwrap(),
                        None => builder.append_null(),
                    }
                }
                Arc::new(builder.finish())
            },
            &[Encoding::PLAIN, Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_interval_day_time_column_reader() {
        run_single_column_reader_tests::<FixedLenByteArrayType, _, RandFixedLenGen>(
            12,
            ConvertedType::INTERVAL,
            None,
            |vals| {
                Arc::new(
                    vals.iter()
                        .map(|x| {
                            x.as_ref().map(|b| IntervalDayTime {
                                days: i32::from_le_bytes(b.as_ref()[4..8].try_into().unwrap()),
                                milliseconds: i32::from_le_bytes(
                                    b.as_ref()[8..12].try_into().unwrap(),
                                ),
                            })
                        })
                        .collect::<IntervalDayTimeArray>(),
                )
            },
            &[Encoding::PLAIN, Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_int96_single_column_reader_test() {
        let encodings = &[Encoding::PLAIN, Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY];

        type TypeHintAndConversionFunction =
            (Option<ArrowDataType>, fn(&[Option<Int96>]) -> ArrayRef);

        let resolutions: Vec<TypeHintAndConversionFunction> = vec![
            // Test without a specified ArrowType hint.
            (None, |vals: &[Option<Int96>]| {
                Arc::new(TimestampNanosecondArray::from_iter(
                    vals.iter().map(|x| x.map(|x| x.to_nanos())),
                )) as ArrayRef
            }),
            // Test other TimeUnits as ArrowType hints.
            (
                Some(ArrowDataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Second, None)),
                |vals: &[Option<Int96>]| {
                    Arc::new(TimestampSecondArray::from_iter(
                        vals.iter().map(|x| x.map(|x| x.to_seconds())),
                    )) as ArrayRef
                },
            ),
            (
                Some(ArrowDataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Millisecond, None)),
                |vals: &[Option<Int96>]| {
                    Arc::new(TimestampMillisecondArray::from_iter(
                        vals.iter().map(|x| x.map(|x| x.to_millis())),
                    )) as ArrayRef
                },
            ),
            (
                Some(ArrowDataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Microsecond, None)),
                |vals: &[Option<Int96>]| {
                    Arc::new(TimestampMicrosecondArray::from_iter(
                        vals.iter().map(|x| x.map(|x| x.to_micros())),
                    )) as ArrayRef
                },
            ),
            (
                Some(ArrowDataType::Timestamp(TimeUnit::Nanosecond, None)),
                |vals: &[Option<Int96>]| {
                    Arc::new(TimestampNanosecondArray::from_iter(
                        vals.iter().map(|x| x.map(|x| x.to_nanos())),
                    )) as ArrayRef
                },
            ),
            // Test another timezone with TimeUnit as ArrowType hints.
            (
                Some(ArrowDataType::Timestamp(
                    TimeUnit::Second,
                    Some(Arc::from("-05:00")),
                )),
                |vals: &[Option<Int96>]| {
                    Arc::new(
                        TimestampSecondArray::from_iter(
                            vals.iter().map(|x| x.map(|x| x.to_seconds())),
                        )
                        .with_timezone("-05:00"),
                    ) as ArrayRef
                },
            ),
        ];

        resolutions.iter().for_each(|(arrow_type, converter)| {
            run_single_column_reader_tests::<Int96Type, _, Int96Type>(
                2,
                ConvertedType::NONE,
                arrow_type.clone(),
                converter,
                encodings,
            );
        })
    }

    struct RandUtf8Gen {}

    impl RandGen<ByteArrayType> for RandUtf8Gen {
        fn r#gen(len: i32) -> ByteArray {
            Int32Type::r#gen(len).to_string().as_str().into()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_utf8_single_column_reader_test() {
        fn string_converter<O: OffsetSizeTrait>(vals: &[Option<ByteArray>]) -> ArrayRef {
            Arc::new(GenericStringArray::<O>::from_iter(vals.iter().map(|x| {
                x.as_ref().map(|b| std::str::from_utf8(b.data()).unwrap())
            })))
        }

        let encodings = &[
            Encoding::PLAIN,
            Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY,
            Encoding::DELTA_LENGTH_BYTE_ARRAY,
            Encoding::DELTA_BYTE_ARRAY,
        ];

        run_single_column_reader_tests::<ByteArrayType, _, RandUtf8Gen>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::NONE,
            None,
            |vals| {
                Arc::new(BinaryArray::from_iter(
                    vals.iter().map(|x| x.as_ref().map(|x| x.data())),
                ))
            },
            encodings,
        );

        run_single_column_reader_tests::<ByteArrayType, _, RandUtf8Gen>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::UTF8,
            None,
            string_converter::<i32>,
            encodings,
        );

        run_single_column_reader_tests::<ByteArrayType, _, RandUtf8Gen>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::UTF8,
            Some(ArrowDataType::Utf8),
            string_converter::<i32>,
            encodings,
        );

        run_single_column_reader_tests::<ByteArrayType, _, RandUtf8Gen>(
            2,
            ConvertedType::UTF8,
            Some(ArrowDataType::LargeUtf8),
            string_converter::<i64>,
            encodings,
        );

        let small_key_types = [ArrowDataType::Int8, ArrowDataType::UInt8];
        for key in &small_key_types {
            for encoding in encodings {
                let mut opts = TestOptions::new(2, 20, 15).with_null_percent(50);
                opts.encoding = *encoding;

                let data_type =
                    ArrowDataType::Dictionary(Box::new(key.clone()), Box::new(ArrowDataType::Utf8));

                // Cannot run full test suite as keys overflow, run small test instead
                single_column_reader_test::<ByteArrayType, _, RandUtf8Gen>(
                    opts,
                    2,
                    ConvertedType::UTF8,
                    Some(data_type.clone()),
                    move |vals| {
                        let vals = string_converter::<i32>(vals);
                        arrow::compute::cast(&vals, &data_type).unwrap()
                    },
                );
            }
        }

        let key_types = [
            ArrowDataType::Int16,
            ArrowDataType::UInt16,
            ArrowDataType::Int32,
            ArrowDataType::UInt32,
            ArrowDataType::Int64,
            ArrowDataType::UInt64,
        ];

        for key in &key_types {
            let data_type =
                ArrowDataType::Dictionary(Box::new(key.clone()), Box::new(ArrowDataType::Utf8));

            run_single_column_reader_tests::<ByteArrayType, _, RandUtf8Gen>(
                2,
                ConvertedType::UTF8,
                Some(data_type.clone()),
                move |vals| {
                    let vals = string_converter::<i32>(vals);
                    arrow::compute::cast(&vals, &data_type).unwrap()
                },
                encodings,
            );

            let data_type = ArrowDataType::Dictionary(
                Box::new(key.clone()),
                Box::new(ArrowDataType::LargeUtf8),
            );

            run_single_column_reader_tests::<ByteArrayType, _, RandUtf8Gen>(
                2,
                ConvertedType::UTF8,
                Some(data_type.clone()),
                move |vals| {
                    let vals = string_converter::<i64>(vals);
                    arrow::compute::cast(&vals, &data_type).unwrap()
                },
                encodings,
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_nullable_struct() {
        let decimals = Decimal256Array::from_iter_values(
            [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].into_iter().map(i256::from_i128),
        );

        let data = ArrayDataBuilder::new(ArrowDataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![Field::new(
            "decimals",
            decimals.data_type().clone(),
            false,
        )])))
        .len(8)
        .null_bit_buffer(Some(Buffer::from(&[0b11101111])))
        .child_data(vec![decimals.into_data()])
        .build()
        .unwrap();

        let written =
            RecordBatch::try_from_iter([("struct", Arc::new(StructArray::from(data)) as ArrayRef)])
                .unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, written.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&written).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let read = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer), 3)
            .unwrap()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(&written.slice(0, 3), &read[0]);
        assert_eq!(&written.slice(3, 3), &read[1]);
        assert_eq!(&written.slice(6, 2), &read[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_int32_nullable_struct() {
        let int32 = Int32Array::from_iter_values([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
        let data = ArrayDataBuilder::new(ArrowDataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![Field::new(
            "int32",
            int32.data_type().clone(),
            false,
        )])))
        .len(8)
        .null_bit_buffer(Some(Buffer::from(&[0b11101111])))
        .child_data(vec![int32.into_data()])
        .build()
        .unwrap();

        let written =
            RecordBatch::try_from_iter([("struct", Arc::new(StructArray::from(data)) as ArrayRef)])
                .unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, written.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&written).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let read = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer), 3)
            .unwrap()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(&written.slice(0, 3), &read[0]);
        assert_eq!(&written.slice(3, 3), &read[1]);
        assert_eq!(&written.slice(6, 2), &read[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_list() {
        let decimals = Decimal128Array::from_iter_values([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);

        // [[], [1], [2, 3], null, [4], null, [6, 7, 8]]
        let data = ArrayDataBuilder::new(ArrowDataType::List(Arc::new(Field::new_list_field(
            decimals.data_type().clone(),
            false,
        ))))
        .len(7)
        .add_buffer(Buffer::from_iter([0_i32, 0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 8]))
        .null_bit_buffer(Some(Buffer::from(&[0b01010111])))
        .child_data(vec![decimals.into_data()])
        .build()
        .unwrap();

        let written =
            RecordBatch::try_from_iter([("list", Arc::new(ListArray::from(data)) as ArrayRef)])
                .unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, written.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&written).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let read = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer), 3)
            .unwrap()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(&written.slice(0, 3), &read[0]);
        assert_eq!(&written.slice(3, 3), &read[1]);
        assert_eq!(&written.slice(6, 1), &read[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_decimal_file() {
        use arrow_array::Decimal128Array;
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let file_variants = vec![
            ("byte_array", 4),
            ("fixed_length", 25),
            ("int32", 4),
            ("int64", 10),
        ];
        for (prefix, target_precision) in file_variants {
            let path = format!("{testdata}/{prefix}_decimal.parquet");
            let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
            let mut record_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 32).unwrap();

            let batch = record_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 24);
            let col = batch
                .column(0)
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<Decimal128Array>()
                .unwrap();

            let expected = 1..25;

            assert_eq!(col.precision(), target_precision);
            assert_eq!(col.scale(), 2);

            for (i, v) in expected.enumerate() {
                assert_eq!(col.value(i), v * 100_i128);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // inline assembly is not supported
    fn test_read_float16_nonzeros_file() {
        use arrow_array::Float16Array;
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        // see https://github.com/apache/parquet-testing/pull/40
        let path = format!("{testdata}/float16_nonzeros_and_nans.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
        let mut record_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 32).unwrap();

        let batch = record_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 8);
        let col = batch
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Float16Array>()
            .unwrap();

        let f16_two = f16::ONE + f16::ONE;

        assert_eq!(col.null_count(), 1);
        assert!(col.is_null(0));
        assert_eq!(col.value(1), f16::ONE);
        assert_eq!(col.value(2), -f16_two);
        assert!(col.value(3).is_nan());
        assert_eq!(col.value(4), f16::ZERO);
        assert!(col.value(4).is_sign_positive());
        assert_eq!(col.value(5), f16::NEG_ONE);
        assert_eq!(col.value(6), f16::NEG_ZERO);
        assert!(col.value(6).is_sign_negative());
        assert_eq!(col.value(7), f16_two);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_float16_zeros_file() {
        use arrow_array::Float16Array;
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        // see https://github.com/apache/parquet-testing/pull/40
        let path = format!("{testdata}/float16_zeros_and_nans.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
        let mut record_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 32).unwrap();

        let batch = record_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 3);
        let col = batch
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Float16Array>()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(col.null_count(), 1);
        assert!(col.is_null(0));
        assert_eq!(col.value(1), f16::ZERO);
        assert!(col.value(1).is_sign_positive());
        assert!(col.value(2).is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Zstd calls native C functions unsupported by Miri
    fn test_read_float32_float64_byte_stream_split() {
        let path = format!(
            "{}/byte_stream_split.zstd.parquet",
            arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data(),
        );
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
        let record_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 128).unwrap();

        let mut row_count = 0;
        for batch in record_reader {
            let batch = batch.unwrap();
            row_count += batch.num_rows();
            let f32_col = batch.column(0).as_primitive::<Float32Type>();
            let f64_col = batch.column(1).as_primitive::<Float64Type>();

            // This file contains floats from a standard normal distribution
            for &x in f32_col.values() {
                assert!(x > -10.0);
                assert!(x < 10.0);
            }
            for &x in f64_col.values() {
                assert!(x > -10.0);
                assert!(x < 10.0);
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(row_count, 300);
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_read_extended_byte_stream_split() {
        let path = format!(
            "{}/byte_stream_split_extended.gzip.parquet",
            arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data(),
        );
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
        let record_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 128).unwrap();

        let mut row_count = 0;
        for batch in record_reader {
            let batch = batch.unwrap();
            row_count += batch.num_rows();

            // 0,1 are f16
            let f16_col = batch.column(0).as_primitive::<Float16Type>();
            let f16_bss = batch.column(1).as_primitive::<Float16Type>();
            assert_eq!(f16_col.len(), f16_bss.len());
            f16_col
                .iter()
                .zip(f16_bss.iter())
                .for_each(|(l, r)| assert_eq!(l.unwrap(), r.unwrap()));

            // 2,3 are f32
            let f32_col = batch.column(2).as_primitive::<Float32Type>();
            let f32_bss = batch.column(3).as_primitive::<Float32Type>();
            assert_eq!(f32_col.len(), f32_bss.len());
            f32_col
                .iter()
                .zip(f32_bss.iter())
                .for_each(|(l, r)| assert_eq!(l.unwrap(), r.unwrap()));

            // 4,5 are f64
            let f64_col = batch.column(4).as_primitive::<Float64Type>();
            let f64_bss = batch.column(5).as_primitive::<Float64Type>();
            assert_eq!(f64_col.len(), f64_bss.len());
            f64_col
                .iter()
                .zip(f64_bss.iter())
                .for_each(|(l, r)| assert_eq!(l.unwrap(), r.unwrap()));

            // 6,7 are i32
            let i32_col = batch.column(6).as_primitive::<types::Int32Type>();
            let i32_bss = batch.column(7).as_primitive::<types::Int32Type>();
            assert_eq!(i32_col.len(), i32_bss.len());
            i32_col
                .iter()
                .zip(i32_bss.iter())
                .for_each(|(l, r)| assert_eq!(l.unwrap(), r.unwrap()));

            // 8,9 are i64
            let i64_col = batch.column(8).as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>();
            let i64_bss = batch.column(9).as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>();
            assert_eq!(i64_col.len(), i64_bss.len());
            i64_col
                .iter()
                .zip(i64_bss.iter())
                .for_each(|(l, r)| assert_eq!(l.unwrap(), r.unwrap()));

            // 10,11 are FLBA(5)
            let flba_col = batch.column(10).as_fixed_size_binary();
            let flba_bss = batch.column(11).as_fixed_size_binary();
            assert_eq!(flba_col.len(), flba_bss.len());
            flba_col
                .iter()
                .zip(flba_bss.iter())
                .for_each(|(l, r)| assert_eq!(l.unwrap(), r.unwrap()));

            // 12,13 are FLBA(4) (decimal(7,3))
            let dec_col = batch.column(12).as_primitive::<Decimal128Type>();
            let dec_bss = batch.column(13).as_primitive::<Decimal128Type>();
            assert_eq!(dec_col.len(), dec_bss.len());
            dec_col
                .iter()
                .zip(dec_bss.iter())
                .for_each(|(l, r)| assert_eq!(l.unwrap(), r.unwrap()));
        }
        assert_eq!(row_count, 200);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_incorrect_map_schema_file() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        // see https://github.com/apache/parquet-testing/pull/47
        let path = format!("{testdata}/incorrect_map_schema.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
        let mut record_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 32).unwrap();

        let batch = record_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 1);

        let expected_schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "my_map",
            ArrowDataType::Map(
                Arc::new(Field::new(
                    "key_value",
                    ArrowDataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![
                        Field::new("key", ArrowDataType::Utf8, false),
                        Field::new("value", ArrowDataType::Utf8, true),
                    ])),
                    false,
                )),
                false,
            ),
            true,
        )]);
        assert_eq!(batch.schema().as_ref(), &expected_schema);

        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 1);
        assert_eq!(batch.column(0).null_count(), 0);
        assert_eq!(
            batch.column(0).as_map().keys().as_ref(),
            &StringArray::from(vec!["parent", "name"])
        );
        assert_eq!(
            batch.column(0).as_map().values().as_ref(),
            &StringArray::from(vec!["another", "report"])
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_dict_fixed_size_binary() {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "a",
            ArrowDataType::Dictionary(
                Box::new(ArrowDataType::UInt8),
                Box::new(ArrowDataType::FixedSizeBinary(8)),
            ),
            true,
        )]));
        let keys = UInt8Array::from_iter_values(vec![0, 0, 1]);
        let values = FixedSizeBinaryArray::try_from_iter(
            vec![
                (0u8..8u8).collect::<Vec<u8>>(),
                (24u8..32u8).collect::<Vec<u8>>(),
            ]
            .into_iter(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let arr = UInt8DictionaryArray::new(keys, Arc::new(values));
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(arr)]).unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();
        let read = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer), 3)
            .unwrap()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(read.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(&batch, &read[0])
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_nullable_structs_with_binary_dict_as_first_child_column() {
        // the `StructArrayReader` will check the definition and repetition levels of the first
        // child column in the struct to determine nullability for the struct. If the first
        // column's is being read by `ByteArrayDictionaryReader` we need to ensure that the
        // nullability is interpreted  correctly from the rep/def level buffers managed by the
        // buffers managed by this array reader.

        let struct_fields = Fields::from(vec![
            Field::new(
                "city",
                ArrowDataType::Dictionary(
                    Box::new(ArrowDataType::UInt8),
                    Box::new(ArrowDataType::Utf8),
                ),
                true,
            ),
            Field::new("name", ArrowDataType::Utf8, true),
        ]);
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "items",
            ArrowDataType::Struct(struct_fields.clone()),
            true,
        )]));

        let items_arr = StructArray::new(
            struct_fields,
            vec![
                Arc::new(DictionaryArray::new(
                    UInt8Array::from_iter_values(vec![0, 1, 1, 0, 2]),
                    Arc::new(StringArray::from_iter_values(vec![
                        "quebec",
                        "fredericton",
                        "halifax",
                    ])),
                )),
                Arc::new(StringArray::from_iter_values(vec![
                    "albert", "terry", "lance", "", "tim",
                ])),
            ],
            Some(NullBuffer::from_iter(vec![true, true, true, false, true])),
        );

        let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(items_arr)]).unwrap();
        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();
        let read = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer), 8)
            .unwrap()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(read.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(&batch, &read[0])
    }

    /// Parameters for single_column_reader_test
    #[derive(Clone)]
    struct TestOptions {
        /// Number of row group to write to parquet (row group size =
        /// num_row_groups / num_rows)
        num_row_groups: usize,
        /// Total number of rows per row group
        num_rows: usize,
        /// Size of batches to read back
        record_batch_size: usize,
        /// Percentage of nulls in column or None if required
        null_percent: Option<usize>,
        /// Set write batch size
        ///
        /// This is the number of rows that are written at once to a page and
        /// therefore acts as a bound on the page granularity of a row group
        write_batch_size: usize,
        /// Maximum size of page in bytes
        max_data_page_size: usize,
        /// Maximum size of dictionary page in bytes
        max_dict_page_size: usize,
        /// Writer version
        writer_version: WriterVersion,
        /// Enabled statistics
        enabled_statistics: EnabledStatistics,
        /// Encoding
        encoding: Encoding,
        /// row selections and total selected row count
        row_selections: Option<(RowSelection, usize)>,
        /// row filter
        row_filter: Option<Vec<bool>>,
        /// limit
        limit: Option<usize>,
        /// offset
        offset: Option<usize>,
    }

    /// Manually implement this to avoid printing entire contents of row_selections and row_filter
    impl std::fmt::Debug for TestOptions {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
            f.debug_struct("TestOptions")
                .field("num_row_groups", &self.num_row_groups)
                .field("num_rows", &self.num_rows)
                .field("record_batch_size", &self.record_batch_size)
                .field("null_percent", &self.null_percent)
                .field("write_batch_size", &self.write_batch_size)
                .field("max_data_page_size", &self.max_data_page_size)
                .field("max_dict_page_size", &self.max_dict_page_size)
                .field("writer_version", &self.writer_version)
                .field("enabled_statistics", &self.enabled_statistics)
                .field("encoding", &self.encoding)
                .field("row_selections", &self.row_selections.is_some())
                .field("row_filter", &self.row_filter.is_some())
                .field("limit", &self.limit)
                .field("offset", &self.offset)
                .finish()
        }
    }

    impl Default for TestOptions {
        fn default() -> Self {
            Self {
                num_row_groups: 2,
                num_rows: 100,
                record_batch_size: 15,
                null_percent: None,
                write_batch_size: 64,
                max_data_page_size: 1024 * 1024,
                max_dict_page_size: 1024 * 1024,
                writer_version: WriterVersion::PARQUET_1_0,
                enabled_statistics: EnabledStatistics::Page,
                encoding: Encoding::PLAIN,
                row_selections: None,
                row_filter: None,
                limit: None,
                offset: None,
            }
        }
    }

    impl TestOptions {
        fn new(num_row_groups: usize, num_rows: usize, record_batch_size: usize) -> Self {
            Self {
                num_row_groups,
                num_rows,
                record_batch_size,
                ..Default::default()
            }
        }

        fn with_null_percent(self, null_percent: usize) -> Self {
            Self {
                null_percent: Some(null_percent),
                ..self
            }
        }

        fn with_max_data_page_size(self, max_data_page_size: usize) -> Self {
            Self {
                max_data_page_size,
                ..self
            }
        }

        fn with_max_dict_page_size(self, max_dict_page_size: usize) -> Self {
            Self {
                max_dict_page_size,
                ..self
            }
        }

        fn with_enabled_statistics(self, enabled_statistics: EnabledStatistics) -> Self {
            Self {
                enabled_statistics,
                ..self
            }
        }

        fn with_row_selections(self) -> Self {
            assert!(self.row_filter.is_none(), "Must set row selection first");

            let mut rng = rng();
            let step = rng.random_range(self.record_batch_size..self.num_rows);
            let row_selections = create_test_selection(
                step,
                self.num_row_groups * self.num_rows,
                rng.random::<bool>(),
            );
            Self {
                row_selections: Some(row_selections),
                ..self
            }
        }

        fn with_row_filter(self) -> Self {
            let row_count = match &self.row_selections {
                Some((_, count)) => *count,
                None => self.num_row_groups * self.num_rows,
            };

            let mut rng = rng();
            Self {
                row_filter: Some((0..row_count).map(|_| rng.random_bool(0.9)).collect()),
                ..self
            }
        }

        fn with_limit(self, limit: usize) -> Self {
            Self {
                limit: Some(limit),
                ..self
            }
        }

        fn with_offset(self, offset: usize) -> Self {
            Self {
                offset: Some(offset),
                ..self
            }
        }

        fn writer_props(&self) -> WriterProperties {
            let builder = WriterProperties::builder()
                .set_data_page_size_limit(self.max_data_page_size)
                .set_write_batch_size(self.write_batch_size)
                .set_writer_version(self.writer_version)
                .set_statistics_enabled(self.enabled_statistics);

            let builder = match self.encoding {
                Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY | Encoding::PLAIN_DICTIONARY => builder
                    .set_dictionary_enabled(true)
                    .set_dictionary_page_size_limit(self.max_dict_page_size),
                _ => builder
                    .set_dictionary_enabled(false)
                    .set_encoding(self.encoding),
            };

            builder.build()
        }
    }

    /// Create a parquet file and then read it using
    /// `ParquetFileArrowReader` using a standard set of parameters
    /// `opts`.
    ///
    /// `rand_max` represents the maximum size of value to pass to to
    /// value generator
    fn run_single_column_reader_tests<T, F, G>(
        rand_max: i32,
        converted_type: ConvertedType,
        arrow_type: Option<ArrowDataType>,
        converter: F,
        encodings: &[Encoding],
    ) where
        T: DataType,
        G: RandGen<T>,
        F: Fn(&[Option<T::T>]) -> ArrayRef,
    {
        let all_options = vec![
            // choose record_batch_batch (15) so batches cross row
            // group boundaries (50 rows in 2 row groups) cases.
            TestOptions::new(2, 100, 15),
            // choose record_batch_batch (5) so batches sometime fall
            // on row group boundaries and (25 rows in 3 row groups
            // --> row groups of 10, 10, and 5). Tests buffer
            // refilling edge cases.
            TestOptions::new(3, 25, 5),
            // Choose record_batch_size (25) so all batches fall
            // exactly on row group boundary (25). Tests buffer
            // refilling edge cases.
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25),
            // Set maximum page size so row groups have multiple pages
            TestOptions::new(3, 256, 73).with_max_data_page_size(128),
            // Set small dictionary page size to test dictionary fallback
            TestOptions::new(3, 256, 57).with_max_dict_page_size(128),
            // Test optional but with no nulls
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 127).with_null_percent(0),
            // Test optional with nulls
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 93).with_null_percent(25),
            // Test with limit of 0
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_limit(0),
            // Test with limit of 50
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_limit(50),
            // Test with limit equal to number of rows
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_limit(10),
            // Test with limit larger than number of rows
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_limit(101),
            // Test with limit + offset equal to number of rows
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_offset(30).with_limit(20),
            // Test with limit + offset equal to number of rows
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_offset(20).with_limit(80),
            // Test with limit + offset larger than number of rows
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_offset(20).with_limit(81),
            // Test with no page-level statistics
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 91)
                .with_null_percent(25)
                .with_enabled_statistics(EnabledStatistics::Chunk),
            // Test with no statistics
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 91)
                .with_null_percent(25)
                .with_enabled_statistics(EnabledStatistics::None),
            // Test with all null
            TestOptions::new(2, 128, 91)
                .with_null_percent(100)
                .with_enabled_statistics(EnabledStatistics::None),
            // Test skip

            // choose record_batch_batch (15) so batches cross row
            // group boundaries (50 rows in 2 row groups) cases.
            TestOptions::new(2, 100, 15).with_row_selections(),
            // choose record_batch_batch (5) so batches sometime fall
            // on row group boundaries and (25 rows in 3 row groups
            // --> row groups of 10, 10, and 5). Tests buffer
            // refilling edge cases.
            TestOptions::new(3, 25, 5).with_row_selections(),
            // Choose record_batch_size (25) so all batches fall
            // exactly on row group boundary (25). Tests buffer
            // refilling edge cases.
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_row_selections(),
            // Set maximum page size so row groups have multiple pages
            TestOptions::new(3, 256, 73)
                .with_max_data_page_size(128)
                .with_row_selections(),
            // Set small dictionary page size to test dictionary fallback
            TestOptions::new(3, 256, 57)
                .with_max_dict_page_size(128)
                .with_row_selections(),
            // Test optional but with no nulls
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 127)
                .with_null_percent(0)
                .with_row_selections(),
            // Test optional with nulls
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 93)
                .with_null_percent(25)
                .with_row_selections(),
            // Test optional with nulls
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 93)
                .with_null_percent(25)
                .with_row_selections()
                .with_limit(10),
            // Test optional with nulls
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 93)
                .with_null_percent(25)
                .with_row_selections()
                .with_offset(20)
                .with_limit(10),
            // Test filter

            // Test with row filter
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25).with_row_filter(),
            // Test with row selection and row filter
            TestOptions::new(4, 100, 25)
                .with_row_selections()
                .with_row_filter(),
            // Test with nulls and row filter
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 93)
                .with_null_percent(25)
                .with_max_data_page_size(10)
                .with_row_filter(),
            // Test with nulls and row filter and small pages
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 93)
                .with_null_percent(25)
                .with_max_data_page_size(10)
                .with_row_selections()
                .with_row_filter(),
            // Test with row selection and no offset index and small pages
            TestOptions::new(2, 256, 93)
                .with_enabled_statistics(EnabledStatistics::None)
                .with_max_data_page_size(10)
                .with_row_selections(),
        ];

        all_options.into_iter().for_each(|opts| {
            for writer_version in [WriterVersion::PARQUET_1_0, WriterVersion::PARQUET_2_0] {
                for encoding in encodings {
                    let opts = TestOptions {
                        writer_version,
                        encoding: *encoding,
                        ..opts.clone()
                    };

                    single_column_reader_test::<T, _, G>(
                        opts,
                        rand_max,
                        converted_type,
                        arrow_type.clone(),
                        &converter,
                    )
                }
            }
        });
    }

    /// Create a parquet file and then read it using
    /// `ParquetFileArrowReader` using the parameters described in
    /// `opts`.
    fn single_column_reader_test<T, F, G>(
        opts: TestOptions,
        rand_max: i32,
        converted_type: ConvertedType,
        arrow_type: Option<ArrowDataType>,
        converter: F,
    ) where
        T: DataType,
        G: RandGen<T>,
        F: Fn(&[Option<T::T>]) -> ArrayRef,
    {
        // Print out options to facilitate debugging failures on CI
        println!(
            "Running type {:?} single_column_reader_test ConvertedType::{}/ArrowType::{:?} with Options: {:?}",
            T::get_physical_type(),
            converted_type,
            arrow_type,
            opts
        );

        //according to null_percent generate def_levels
        let (repetition, def_levels) = match opts.null_percent.as_ref() {
            Some(null_percent) => {
                let mut rng = rng();

                let def_levels: Vec<Vec<i16>> = (0..opts.num_row_groups)
                    .map(|_| {
                        std::iter::from_fn(|| {
                            Some((rng.next_u32() as usize % 100 >= *null_percent) as i16)
                        })
                        .take(opts.num_rows)
                        .collect()
                    })
                    .collect();
                (Repetition::OPTIONAL, Some(def_levels))
            }
            None => (Repetition::REQUIRED, None),
        };

        //generate random table data
        let values: Vec<Vec<T::T>> = (0..opts.num_row_groups)
            .map(|idx| {
                let null_count = match def_levels.as_ref() {
                    Some(d) => d[idx].iter().filter(|x| **x == 0).count(),
                    None => 0,
                };
                G::gen_vec(rand_max, opts.num_rows - null_count)
            })
            .collect();

        let len = match T::get_physical_type() {
            crate::basic::Type::FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY => rand_max,
            crate::basic::Type::INT96 => 12,
            _ => -1,
        };

        let fields = vec![Arc::new(
            Type::primitive_type_builder("leaf", T::get_physical_type())
                .with_repetition(repetition)
                .with_converted_type(converted_type)
                .with_length(len)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        )];

        let schema = Arc::new(
            Type::group_type_builder("test_schema")
                .with_fields(fields)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );

        let arrow_field = arrow_type.map(|t| Field::new("leaf", t, false));

        let mut file = tempfile::tempfile().unwrap();

        generate_single_column_file_with_data::<T>(
            &values,
            def_levels.as_ref(),
            file.try_clone().unwrap(), // Cannot use &mut File (#1163)
            schema,
            arrow_field,
            &opts,
        )
        .unwrap();

        file.rewind().unwrap();

        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_page_index_policy(PageIndexPolicy::from(
            opts.enabled_statistics == EnabledStatistics::Page,
        ));

        let mut builder =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file, options).unwrap();

        let expected_data = match opts.row_selections {
            Some((selections, row_count)) => {
                let mut without_skip_data = gen_expected_data::<T>(def_levels.as_ref(), &values);

                let mut skip_data: Vec<Option<T::T>> = vec![];
                let dequeue: VecDeque<RowSelector> = selections.clone().into();
                for select in dequeue {
                    if select.skip {
                        without_skip_data.drain(0..select.row_count);
                    } else {
                        skip_data.extend(without_skip_data.drain(0..select.row_count));
                    }
                }
                builder = builder.with_row_selection(selections);

                assert_eq!(skip_data.len(), row_count);
                skip_data
            }
            None => {
                //get flatten table data
                let expected_data = gen_expected_data::<T>(def_levels.as_ref(), &values);
                assert_eq!(expected_data.len(), opts.num_rows * opts.num_row_groups);
                expected_data
            }
        };

        let mut expected_data = match opts.row_filter {
            Some(filter) => {
                let expected_data = expected_data
                    .into_iter()
                    .zip(filter.iter())
                    .filter_map(|(d, f)| f.then(|| d))
                    .collect();

                let mut filter_offset = 0;
                let filter = RowFilter::new(vec![Box::new(ArrowPredicateFn::new(
                    ProjectionMask::all(),
                    move |b| {
                        let array = BooleanArray::from_iter(
                            filter
                                .iter()
                                .skip(filter_offset)
                                .take(b.num_rows())
                                .map(|x| Some(*x)),
                        );
                        filter_offset += b.num_rows();
                        Ok(array)
                    },
                ))]);

                builder = builder.with_row_filter(filter);
                expected_data
            }
            None => expected_data,
        };

        if let Some(offset) = opts.offset {
            builder = builder.with_offset(offset);
            expected_data = expected_data.into_iter().skip(offset).collect();
        }

        if let Some(limit) = opts.limit {
            builder = builder.with_limit(limit);
            expected_data = expected_data.into_iter().take(limit).collect();
        }

        let mut record_reader = builder
            .with_batch_size(opts.record_batch_size)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut total_read = 0;
        loop {
            let maybe_batch = record_reader.next();
            if total_read < expected_data.len() {
                let end = min(total_read + opts.record_batch_size, expected_data.len());
                let batch = maybe_batch.unwrap().unwrap();
                assert_eq!(end - total_read, batch.num_rows());

                let a = converter(&expected_data[total_read..end]);
                let b = batch.column(0);

                assert_eq!(a.data_type(), b.data_type());
                assert_eq!(a.to_data(), b.to_data());
                assert_eq!(
                    a.as_any().type_id(),
                    b.as_any().type_id(),
                    "incorrect type ids"
                );

                total_read = end;
            } else {
                assert!(maybe_batch.is_none());
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    fn gen_expected_data<T: DataType>(
        def_levels: Option<&Vec<Vec<i16>>>,
        values: &[Vec<T::T>],
    ) -> Vec<Option<T::T>> {
        let data: Vec<Option<T::T>> = match def_levels {
            Some(levels) => {
                let mut values_iter = values.iter().flatten();
                levels
                    .iter()
                    .flatten()
                    .map(|d| match d {
                        1 => Some(values_iter.next().cloned().unwrap()),
                        0 => None,
                        _ => unreachable!(),
                    })
                    .collect()
            }
            None => values.iter().flatten().cloned().map(Some).collect(),
        };
        data
    }

    fn generate_single_column_file_with_data<T: DataType>(
        values: &[Vec<T::T>],
        def_levels: Option<&Vec<Vec<i16>>>,
        file: File,
        schema: TypePtr,
        field: Option<Field>,
        opts: &TestOptions,
    ) -> Result<ParquetMetaData> {
        let mut writer_props = opts.writer_props();
        if let Some(field) = field {
            let arrow_schema = Schema::new(vec![field]);
            add_encoded_arrow_schema_to_metadata(&arrow_schema, &mut writer_props);
        }

        let mut writer = SerializedFileWriter::new(file, schema, Arc::new(writer_props))?;

        for (idx, v) in values.iter().enumerate() {
            let def_levels = def_levels.map(|d| d[idx].as_slice());
            let mut row_group_writer = writer.next_row_group()?;
            {
                let mut column_writer = row_group_writer
                    .next_column()?
                    .expect("Column writer is none!");

                column_writer
                    .typed::<T>()
                    .write_batch(v, def_levels, None)?;

                column_writer.close()?;
            }
            row_group_writer.close()?;
        }

        writer.close()
    }

    fn get_test_file(file_name: &str) -> File {
        let path = PathBuf::from(arrow::util::test_util::arrow_test_data()).join(file_name);

        File::open(path.as_path()).expect("File not found!")
    }

    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // calls native Zstd code unsupported by Miri
    #[test]
    fn test_read_structs() {
        // This particular test file has columns of struct types where there is
        // a column that has the same name as one of the struct fields
        // (see: ARROW-11452)
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/nested_structs.rust.parquet");
        let file = File::open(&path).unwrap();
        let record_batch_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 60).unwrap();

        for batch in record_batch_reader {
            batch.unwrap();
        }

        let file = File::open(&path).unwrap();
        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();

        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(builder.parquet_schema(), [3, 8, 10]);
        let projected_reader = builder
            .with_projection(mask)
            .with_batch_size(60)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let expected_schema = Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new(
                "roll_num",
                ArrowDataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![Field::new(
                    "count",
                    ArrowDataType::UInt64,
                    false,
                )])),
                false,
            ),
            Field::new(
                "PC_CUR",
                ArrowDataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![
                    Field::new("mean", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
                    Field::new("sum", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
                ])),
                false,
            ),
        ]);

        // Tests for #1652 and #1654
        assert_eq!(&expected_schema, projected_reader.schema().as_ref());

        for batch in projected_reader {
            let batch = batch.unwrap();
            assert_eq!(batch.schema().as_ref(), &expected_schema);
        }
    }

    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // calls native Zstd code unsupported by Miri
    #[test]
    // same as test_read_structs but constructs projection mask via column names
    fn test_read_structs_by_name() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/nested_structs.rust.parquet");
        let file = File::open(&path).unwrap();
        let record_batch_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 60).unwrap();

        for batch in record_batch_reader {
            batch.unwrap();
        }

        let file = File::open(&path).unwrap();
        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();

        let mask = ProjectionMask::columns(
            builder.parquet_schema(),
            ["roll_num.count", "PC_CUR.mean", "PC_CUR.sum"],
        );
        let projected_reader = builder
            .with_projection(mask)
            .with_batch_size(60)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let expected_schema = Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new(
                "roll_num",
                ArrowDataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![Field::new(
                    "count",
                    ArrowDataType::UInt64,
                    false,
                )])),
                false,
            ),
            Field::new(
                "PC_CUR",
                ArrowDataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![
                    Field::new("mean", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
                    Field::new("sum", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
                ])),
                false,
            ),
        ]);

        assert_eq!(&expected_schema, projected_reader.schema().as_ref());

        for batch in projected_reader {
            let batch = batch.unwrap();
            assert_eq!(batch.schema().as_ref(), &expected_schema);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_maps() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/nested_maps.snappy.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
        let record_batch_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 60).unwrap();

        for batch in record_batch_reader {
            batch.unwrap();
        }
    }

    // test that we can handle the UNKNOWN logical type annotation on any physical type
    #[test]
    fn test_unknown_logical_type() {
        let message_type = "message uk {
            OPTIONAL INT32 uki32 (UNKNOWN);
            OPTIONAL INT64 uki64 (UNKNOWN);
            OPTIONAL INT96 uki96 (UNKNOWN);
            OPTIONAL BOOLEAN ukbool (UNKNOWN);
            OPTIONAL FLOAT ukfloat (UNKNOWN);
            OPTIONAL DOUBLE ukdbl (UNKNOWN);
            OPTIONAL BYTE_ARRAY ukbytes (UNKNOWN);
            OPTIONAL FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY(10) ukflba (UNKNOWN);
        }";

        let schema = Arc::new(parse_message_type(message_type).unwrap());
        let file = tempfile::tempfile().unwrap();

        let mut writer =
            SerializedFileWriter::new(file.try_clone().unwrap(), schema, Default::default())
                .unwrap();

        let mut row_group_writer = writer.next_row_group().unwrap();

        fn write_nulls<T: DataType>(row_group_writer: &mut SerializedRowGroupWriter<'_, File>) {
            let mut column_writer = row_group_writer.next_column().unwrap().unwrap();
            // write out a bunch of nulls
            column_writer
                .typed::<T>()
                .write_batch(&[], Some(&[0, 0, 0, 0]), None)
                .unwrap();
            column_writer.close().unwrap();
        }

        // INT32
        write_nulls::<Int32Type>(&mut row_group_writer);

        // INT64
        write_nulls::<Int64Type>(&mut row_group_writer);

        // INT96
        write_nulls::<Int96Type>(&mut row_group_writer);

        // BOOLEAN
        write_nulls::<BoolType>(&mut row_group_writer);

        // FLOAT
        write_nulls::<FloatType>(&mut row_group_writer);

        // DOUBLE
        write_nulls::<DoubleType>(&mut row_group_writer);

        // BYTE_ARRAY
        write_nulls::<ByteArrayType>(&mut row_group_writer);

        // FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY
        write_nulls::<FixedLenByteArrayType>(&mut row_group_writer);

        row_group_writer.close().unwrap();

        writer.close().unwrap();

        let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 4).unwrap();
        let batch = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();

        for col in batch.columns() {
            assert_eq!(col.len(), 4);
            assert_eq!(col.logical_null_count(), 4);
            assert_eq!(*col.data_type(), ArrowDataType::Null);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_nested_nullability() {
        let message_type = "message nested {
          OPTIONAL Group group {
            REQUIRED INT32 leaf;
          }
        }";

        let file = tempfile::tempfile().unwrap();
        let schema = Arc::new(parse_message_type(message_type).unwrap());

        {
            // Write using low-level parquet API (#1167)
            let mut writer =
                SerializedFileWriter::new(file.try_clone().unwrap(), schema, Default::default())
                    .unwrap();

            {
                let mut row_group_writer = writer.next_row_group().unwrap();
                let mut column_writer = row_group_writer.next_column().unwrap().unwrap();

                column_writer
                    .typed::<Int32Type>()
                    .write_batch(&[34, 76], Some(&[0, 1, 0, 1]), None)
                    .unwrap();

                column_writer.close().unwrap();
                row_group_writer.close().unwrap();
            }

            writer.close().unwrap();
        }

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();
        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(builder.parquet_schema(), [0]);

        let reader = builder.with_projection(mask).build().unwrap();

        let expected_schema = Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "group",
            ArrowDataType::Struct(vec![Field::new("leaf", ArrowDataType::Int32, false)].into()),
            true,
        )]);

        let batch = reader.into_iter().next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.schema().as_ref(), &expected_schema);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 4);
        assert_eq!(batch.column(0).null_count(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dictionary_preservation() {
        let fields = vec![Arc::new(
            Type::primitive_type_builder("leaf", PhysicalType::BYTE_ARRAY)
                .with_repetition(Repetition::OPTIONAL)
                .with_converted_type(ConvertedType::UTF8)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        )];

        let schema = Arc::new(
            Type::group_type_builder("test_schema")
                .with_fields(fields)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        );

        let dict_type = ArrowDataType::Dictionary(
            Box::new(ArrowDataType::Int32),
            Box::new(ArrowDataType::Utf8),
        );

        let arrow_field = Field::new("leaf", dict_type, true);

        let mut file = tempfile::tempfile().unwrap();

        let values = vec![
            vec![
                ByteArray::from("hello"),
                ByteArray::from("a"),
                ByteArray::from("b"),
                ByteArray::from("d"),
            ],
            vec![
                ByteArray::from("c"),
                ByteArray::from("a"),
                ByteArray::from("b"),
            ],
        ];

        let def_levels = vec![
            vec![1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1],
            vec![0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0],
        ];

        let opts = TestOptions {
            encoding: Encoding::RLE_DICTIONARY,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        generate_single_column_file_with_data::<ByteArrayType>(
            &values,
            Some(&def_levels),
            file.try_clone().unwrap(), // Cannot use &mut File (#1163)
            schema,
            Some(arrow_field),
            &opts,
        )
        .unwrap();

        file.rewind().unwrap();

        let record_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 3).unwrap();

        let batches = record_reader
            .collect::<Result<Vec<RecordBatch>, _>>()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(batches.len(), 6);
        assert!(batches.iter().all(|x| x.num_columns() == 1));

        let row_counts = batches
            .iter()
            .map(|x| (x.num_rows(), x.column(0).null_count()))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        assert_eq!(
            row_counts,
            vec![(3, 2), (3, 2), (3, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (2, 2)]
        );

        let get_dict = |batch: &RecordBatch| batch.column(0).to_data().child_data()[0].clone();

        // First and second batch in same row group -> same dictionary
        assert_eq!(get_dict(&batches[0]), get_dict(&batches[1]));
        // Third batch spans row group -> computed dictionary
        assert_ne!(get_dict(&batches[1]), get_dict(&batches[2]));
        assert_ne!(get_dict(&batches[2]), get_dict(&batches[3]));
        // Fourth, fifth and sixth from same row group -> same dictionary
        assert_eq!(get_dict(&batches[3]), get_dict(&batches[4]));
        assert_eq!(get_dict(&batches[4]), get_dict(&batches[5]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_null_list() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/null_list.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
        let mut record_batch_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 60).unwrap();

        let batch = record_batch_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 1);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 1);
        assert_eq!(batch.column(0).len(), 1);

        let list = batch
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<ListArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(list.len(), 1);
        assert!(list.is_valid(0));

        let val = list.value(0);
        assert_eq!(val.len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_null_schema_inference() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/null_list.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        let arrow_field = Field::new(
            "emptylist",
            ArrowDataType::List(Arc::new(Field::new_list_field(ArrowDataType::Null, true))),
            true,
        );

        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_skip_arrow_metadata(true);
        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file, options).unwrap();
        let schema = builder.schema();
        assert_eq!(schema.fields().len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(schema.field(0), &arrow_field);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_skip_metadata() {
        let col = Arc::new(TimestampNanosecondArray::from_iter_values(vec![0, 1, 2]));
        let field = Field::new("col", col.data_type().clone(), true);

        let schema_without_metadata = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![field.clone()]));

        let metadata = arrow_schema::Metadata::from([("key".to_string(), "value".to_string())]);

        let schema_with_metadata = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![field.with_metadata(metadata)]));

        assert_ne!(schema_with_metadata, schema_without_metadata);

        let batch =
            RecordBatch::try_new(schema_with_metadata.clone(), vec![col as ArrayRef]).unwrap();

        let file = |version: WriterVersion| {
            let props = WriterProperties::builder()
                .set_writer_version(version)
                .build();

            let file = tempfile().unwrap();
            let mut writer =
                ArrowWriter::try_new(file.try_clone().unwrap(), batch.schema(), Some(props))
                    .unwrap();
            writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
            writer.close().unwrap();
            file
        };

        let skip_options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_skip_arrow_metadata(true);

        let v1_reader = file(WriterVersion::PARQUET_1_0);
        let v2_reader = file(WriterVersion::PARQUET_2_0);

        let arrow_reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(v1_reader.try_clone().unwrap(), 1024).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(arrow_reader.schema(), schema_with_metadata);

        let reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(v1_reader, skip_options.clone())
                .unwrap()
                .build()
                .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(reader.schema(), schema_without_metadata);

        let arrow_reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(v2_reader.try_clone().unwrap(), 1024).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(arrow_reader.schema(), schema_with_metadata);

        let reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(v2_reader, skip_options)
            .unwrap()
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(reader.schema(), schema_without_metadata);
    }

    fn write_parquet_from_iter<I, F>(value: I) -> File
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = (F, ArrayRef)>,
        F: AsRef<str>,
    {
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter(value).unwrap();
        let file = tempfile().unwrap();
        let mut writer =
            ArrowWriter::try_new(file.try_clone().unwrap(), batch.schema().clone(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();
        file
    }

    fn run_schema_test_with_error<I, F>(value: I, schema: SchemaRef, expected_error: &str)
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = (F, ArrayRef)>,
        F: AsRef<str>,
    {
        let file = write_parquet_from_iter(value);
        let options_with_schema = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_schema(schema.clone());
        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            options_with_schema,
        );
        assert_eq!(builder.err().unwrap().to_string(), expected_error);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_schema_too_few_columns() {
        run_schema_test_with_error(
            vec![
                ("int64", Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef),
                ("int32", Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef),
            ],
            Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
                "int64",
                ArrowDataType::Int64,
                false,
            )])),
            "Arrow: incompatible arrow schema, expected 2 struct fields got 1",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_schema_too_many_columns() {
        run_schema_test_with_error(
            vec![("int64", Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef)],
            Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
                Field::new("int64", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
                Field::new("int32", ArrowDataType::Int32, false),
            ])),
            "Arrow: incompatible arrow schema, expected 1 struct fields got 2",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_schema_mismatched_column_names() {
        run_schema_test_with_error(
            vec![("int64", Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef)],
            Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
                "other",
                ArrowDataType::Int64,
                false,
            )])),
            "Arrow: incompatible arrow schema, expected field named int64 got other",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_schema_incompatible_columns() {
        run_schema_test_with_error(
            vec![
                (
                    "col1_invalid",
                    Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef,
                ),
                (
                    "col2_valid",
                    Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef,
                ),
                (
                    "col3_invalid",
                    Arc::new(Date64Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef,
                ),
            ],
            Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
                Field::new("col1_invalid", ArrowDataType::Int32, false),
                Field::new("col2_valid", ArrowDataType::Int32, false),
                Field::new("col3_invalid", ArrowDataType::Int32, false),
            ])),
            "Arrow: Incompatible supplied Arrow schema: data type mismatch for field col1_invalid: requested Int32 but found Int64, data type mismatch for field col3_invalid: requested Int32 but found Int64",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_one_incompatible_nested_column() {
        let nested_fields = Fields::from(vec![
            Field::new("nested1_valid", ArrowDataType::Utf8, false),
            Field::new("nested1_invalid", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
        ]);
        let nested = StructArray::try_new(
            nested_fields,
            vec![
                Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["a"])) as ArrayRef,
                Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef,
            ],
            None,
        )
        .expect("struct array");
        let supplied_nested_fields = Fields::from(vec![
            Field::new("nested1_valid", ArrowDataType::Utf8, false),
            Field::new("nested1_invalid", ArrowDataType::Int32, false),
        ]);
        run_schema_test_with_error(
            vec![
                ("col1", Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef),
                ("col2", Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![0])) as ArrayRef),
                ("nested", Arc::new(nested) as ArrayRef),
            ],
            Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
                Field::new("col1", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
                Field::new("col2", ArrowDataType::Int32, false),
                Field::new(
                    "nested",
                    ArrowDataType::Struct(supplied_nested_fields),
                    false,
                ),
            ])),
            "Arrow: Incompatible supplied Arrow schema: data type mismatch for field nested: \
            requested Struct(\"nested1_valid\": non-null Utf8, \"nested1_invalid\": non-null Int32) \
            but found Struct(\"nested1_valid\": non-null Utf8, \"nested1_invalid\": non-null Int64)",
        );
    }

    /// Return parquet data with a single column of utf8 strings
    fn utf8_parquet() -> Bytes {
        let input = StringArray::from_iter_values(vec!["foo", "bar", "baz"]);
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("column1", Arc::new(input) as _)]).unwrap();
        let props = None;
        // write parquet file with non nullable strings
        let mut parquet_data = vec![];
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut parquet_data, batch.schema(), props).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();
        Bytes::from(parquet_data)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_schema_error_bad_types() {
        // verify incompatible schemas error on read
        let parquet_data = utf8_parquet();

        // Ask to read it back with an incompatible schema (int vs string)
        let input_schema: SchemaRef = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "column1",
            arrow::datatypes::DataType::Int32,
            false,
        )]));

        // read it back out
        let reader_options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_schema(input_schema.clone());
        let err =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(parquet_data, reader_options)
                .unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(
            err.to_string(),
            "Arrow: Incompatible supplied Arrow schema: data type mismatch for field column1: requested Int32 but found Utf8"
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_schema_error_bad_nullability() {
        // verify incompatible schemas error on read
        let parquet_data = utf8_parquet();

        // Ask to read it back with an incompatible schema (nullability mismatch)
        let input_schema: SchemaRef = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "column1",
            arrow::datatypes::DataType::Utf8,
            true,
        )]));

        // read it back out
        let reader_options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_schema(input_schema.clone());
        let err =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(parquet_data, reader_options)
                .unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(
            err.to_string(),
            "Arrow: Incompatible supplied Arrow schema: nullability mismatch for field column1: expected true but found false"
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_binary_as_utf8() {
        let file = write_parquet_from_iter(vec![
            (
                "binary_to_utf8",
                Arc::new(BinaryArray::from(vec![
                    b"one".as_ref(),
                    b"two".as_ref(),
                    b"three".as_ref(),
                ])) as ArrayRef,
            ),
            (
                "large_binary_to_large_utf8",
                Arc::new(LargeBinaryArray::from(vec![
                    b"one".as_ref(),
                    b"two".as_ref(),
                    b"three".as_ref(),
                ])) as ArrayRef,
            ),
            (
                "binary_view_to_utf8_view",
                Arc::new(BinaryViewArray::from(vec![
                    b"one".as_ref(),
                    b"two".as_ref(),
                    b"three".as_ref(),
                ])) as ArrayRef,
            ),
        ]);
        let supplied_fields = Fields::from(vec![
            Field::new("binary_to_utf8", ArrowDataType::Utf8, false),
            Field::new(
                "large_binary_to_large_utf8",
                ArrowDataType::LargeUtf8,
                false,
            ),
            Field::new("binary_view_to_utf8_view", ArrowDataType::Utf8View, false),
        ]);

        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_schema(Arc::new(Schema::new(supplied_fields)));
        let mut arrow_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            options,
        )
        .expect("reader builder with schema")
        .build()
        .expect("reader with schema");

        let batch = arrow_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 3);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(0)
                .as_string::<i32>()
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some("one"), Some("two"), Some("three")]
        );

        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(1)
                .as_string::<i64>()
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some("one"), Some("two"), Some("three")]
        );

        assert_eq!(
            batch.column(2).as_string_view().iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some("one"), Some("two"), Some("three")]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "Invalid UTF8 sequence at")]
    fn test_read_non_utf8_binary_as_utf8() {
        let file = write_parquet_from_iter(vec![(
            "non_utf8_binary",
            Arc::new(BinaryArray::from(vec![
                b"\xDE\x00\xFF".as_ref(),
                b"\xDE\x01\xAA".as_ref(),
                b"\xDE\x02\xFF".as_ref(),
            ])) as ArrayRef,
        )]);
        let supplied_fields = Fields::from(vec![Field::new(
            "non_utf8_binary",
            ArrowDataType::Utf8,
            false,
        )]);

        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_schema(Arc::new(Schema::new(supplied_fields)));
        let mut arrow_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            options,
        )
        .expect("reader builder with schema")
        .build()
        .expect("reader with schema");
        arrow_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap_err();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_with_schema() {
        let nested_fields = Fields::from(vec![
            Field::new("utf8_to_dict", ArrowDataType::Utf8, false),
            Field::new("int64_to_ts_nano", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
        ]);

        let nested_arrays: Vec<ArrayRef> = vec![
            Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["a", "a", "a", "b"])) as ArrayRef,
            Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4])) as ArrayRef,
        ];

        let nested = StructArray::try_new(nested_fields, nested_arrays, None).unwrap();

        let file = write_parquet_from_iter(vec![
            (
                "int32_to_ts_second",
                Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![0, 1, 2, 3])) as ArrayRef,
            ),
            (
                "date32_to_date64",
                Arc::new(Date32Array::from(vec![0, 1, 2, 3])) as ArrayRef,
            ),
            ("nested", Arc::new(nested) as ArrayRef),
        ]);

        let supplied_nested_fields = Fields::from(vec![
            Field::new(
                "utf8_to_dict",
                ArrowDataType::Dictionary(
                    Box::new(ArrowDataType::Int32),
                    Box::new(ArrowDataType::Utf8),
                ),
                false,
            ),
            Field::new(
                "int64_to_ts_nano",
                ArrowDataType::Timestamp(
                    arrow::datatypes::TimeUnit::Nanosecond,
                    Some("+10:00".into()),
                ),
                false,
            ),
        ]);

        let supplied_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new(
                "int32_to_ts_second",
                ArrowDataType::Timestamp(arrow::datatypes::TimeUnit::Second, Some("+01:00".into())),
                false,
            ),
            Field::new("date32_to_date64", ArrowDataType::Date64, false),
            Field::new(
                "nested",
                ArrowDataType::Struct(supplied_nested_fields),
                false,
            ),
        ]));

        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_schema(supplied_schema.clone());
        let mut arrow_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            options,
        )
        .expect("reader builder with schema")
        .build()
        .expect("reader with schema");

        assert_eq!(arrow_reader.schema(), supplied_schema);
        let batch = arrow_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 3);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 4);
        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(0)
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<TimestampSecondArray>()
                .expect("downcast to timestamp second")
                .value_as_datetime_with_tz(0, "+01:00".parse().unwrap())
                .map(|v| v.to_string())
                .expect("value as datetime"),
            "1970-01-01 01:00:00 +01:00"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(1)
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<Date64Array>()
                .expect("downcast to date64")
                .value_as_date(0)
                .map(|v| v.to_string())
                .expect("value as date"),
            "1970-01-01"
        );

        let nested = batch
            .column(2)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<StructArray>()
            .expect("downcast to struct");

        let nested_dict = nested
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Int32DictionaryArray>()
            .expect("downcast to dictionary");

        assert_eq!(
            nested_dict
                .values()
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<StringArray>()
                .expect("downcast to string")
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some("a"), Some("b")]
        );

        assert_eq!(
            nested_dict.keys().iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some(0), Some(0), Some(0), Some(1)]
        );

        assert_eq!(
            nested
                .column(1)
                .as_any()
                .downcast_ref::<TimestampNanosecondArray>()
                .expect("downcast to timestamp nanosecond")
                .value_as_datetime_with_tz(0, "+10:00".parse().unwrap())
                .map(|v| v.to_string())
                .expect("value as datetime"),
            "1970-01-01 10:00:00.000000001 +10:00"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_empty_projection() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/alltypes_plain.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file).unwrap();
        let file_metadata = builder.metadata().file_metadata();
        let expected_rows = file_metadata.num_rows() as usize;

        let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(builder.parquet_schema(), []);
        let batch_reader = builder
            .with_projection(mask)
            .with_batch_size(2)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let mut total_rows = 0;
        for maybe_batch in batch_reader {
            let batch = maybe_batch.unwrap();
            total_rows += batch.num_rows();
            assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 0);
            assert!(batch.num_rows() <= 2);
        }

        assert_eq!(total_rows, expected_rows);
    }

    fn test_row_group_batch(row_group_size: usize, batch_size: usize) {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "list",
            ArrowDataType::List(Arc::new(Field::new_list_field(ArrowDataType::Int32, true))),
            true,
        )]));

        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);

        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(
            &mut buf,
            schema.clone(),
            Some(
                WriterProperties::builder()
                    .set_max_row_group_row_count(Some(row_group_size))
                    .build(),
            ),
        )
        .unwrap();
        for _ in 0..2 {
            let mut list_builder = ListBuilder::new(Int32Builder::with_capacity(batch_size));
            for _ in 0..(batch_size) {
                list_builder.append(true);
            }
            let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(schema.clone(), vec![Arc::new(list_builder.finish())])
                .unwrap();
            writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        }
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let mut record_reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buf), batch_size).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            batch_size,
            record_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap().num_rows()
        );
        assert_eq!(
            batch_size,
            record_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap().num_rows()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_row_group_exact_multiple() {
        const BATCH_SIZE: usize = REPETITION_LEVELS_BATCH_SIZE;
        test_row_group_batch(8, 8);
        test_row_group_batch(10, 8);
        test_row_group_batch(8, 10);
        test_row_group_batch(BATCH_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE);
        test_row_group_batch(BATCH_SIZE + 1, BATCH_SIZE);
        test_row_group_batch(BATCH_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE + 1);
        test_row_group_batch(BATCH_SIZE, BATCH_SIZE - 1);
        test_row_group_batch(BATCH_SIZE - 1, BATCH_SIZE);
    }

    /// Given a RecordBatch containing all the column data, return the expected batches given
    /// a `batch_size` and `selection`
    fn get_expected_batches(
        column: &RecordBatch,
        selection: &RowSelection,
        batch_size: usize,
    ) -> Vec<RecordBatch> {
        let mut expected_batches = vec![];

        let mut selection: VecDeque<_> = selection.clone().into();
        let mut row_offset = 0;
        let mut last_start = None;
        while row_offset < column.num_rows() && !selection.is_empty() {
            let mut batch_remaining = batch_size.min(column.num_rows() - row_offset);
            while batch_remaining > 0 && !selection.is_empty() {
                let (to_read, skip) = match selection.front_mut() {
                    Some(selection) if selection.row_count > batch_remaining => {
                        selection.row_count -= batch_remaining;
                        (batch_remaining, selection.skip)
                    }
                    Some(_) => {
                        let select = selection.pop_front().unwrap();
                        (select.row_count, select.skip)
                    }
                    None => break,
                };

                batch_remaining -= to_read;

                match skip {
                    true => {
                        if let Some(last_start) = last_start.take() {
                            expected_batches.push(column.slice(last_start, row_offset - last_start))
                        }
                        row_offset += to_read
                    }
                    false => {
                        last_start.get_or_insert(row_offset);
                        row_offset += to_read
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if let Some(last_start) = last_start.take() {
            expected_batches.push(column.slice(last_start, row_offset - last_start))
        }

        // Sanity check, all batches except the final should be the batch size
        for batch in &expected_batches[..expected_batches.len() - 1] {
            assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), batch_size);
        }

        expected_batches
    }

    fn create_test_selection(
        step_len: usize,
        total_len: usize,
        skip_first: bool,
    ) -> (RowSelection, usize) {
        let mut remaining = total_len;
        let mut skip = skip_first;
        let mut vec = vec![];
        let mut selected_count = 0;
        while remaining != 0 {
            let step = if remaining > step_len {
                step_len
            } else {
                remaining
            };
            vec.push(RowSelector {
                row_count: step,
                skip,
            });
            remaining -= step;
            if !skip {
                selected_count += step;
            }
            skip = !skip;
        }
        (vec.into(), selected_count)
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_scan_row_with_selection() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/alltypes_tiny_pages_plain.parquet");
        let test_file = File::open(&path).unwrap();

        let mut serial_reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(File::open(&path).unwrap(), 7300).unwrap();
        let data = serial_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();

        let do_test = |batch_size: usize, selection_len: usize| {
            for skip_first in [false, true] {
                let selections = create_test_selection(batch_size, data.num_rows(), skip_first).0;

                let expected = get_expected_batches(&data, &selections, batch_size);
                let skip_reader = create_skip_reader(&test_file, batch_size, selections);
                assert_eq!(
                    skip_reader.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>().unwrap(),
                    expected,
                    "batch_size: {batch_size}, selection_len: {selection_len}, skip_first: {skip_first}"
                );
            }
        };

        // total row count 7300
        // 1. test selection len more than one page row count
        do_test(1000, 1000);

        // 2. test selection len less than one page row count
        do_test(20, 20);

        // 3. test selection_len less than batch_size
        do_test(20, 5);

        // 4. test selection_len more than batch_size
        // If batch_size < selection_len
        do_test(20, 5);

        fn create_skip_reader(
            test_file: &File,
            batch_size: usize,
            selections: RowSelection,
        ) -> ParquetRecordBatchReader {
            let options =
                ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_page_index_policy(PageIndexPolicy::Required);
            let file = test_file.try_clone().unwrap();
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file, options)
                .unwrap()
                .with_batch_size(batch_size)
                .with_row_selection(selections)
                .build()
                .unwrap()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_batch_size_overallocate() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        // `alltypes_plain.parquet` only have 8 rows
        let path = format!("{testdata}/alltypes_plain.parquet");
        let test_file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(test_file).unwrap();
        let num_rows = builder.metadata.file_metadata().num_rows();
        let reader = builder
            .with_batch_size(1024)
            .with_projection(ProjectionMask::all())
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        assert_ne!(1024, num_rows);
        assert_eq!(reader.read_plan.batch_size(), num_rows as usize);
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_read_with_page_index_enabled() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();

        {
            // `alltypes_tiny_pages.parquet` has page index
            let path = format!("{testdata}/alltypes_tiny_pages.parquet");
            let test_file = File::open(path).unwrap();
            let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
                test_file,
                ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_page_index_policy(PageIndexPolicy::Required),
            )
            .unwrap();
            let page_index = builder
                .metadata()
                .page_index()
                .expect("page index should be present");
            let num_columns = builder.metadata().row_group(0).num_columns();
            let offset_indexes = page_index.offset_indexes_for_rowgroup(0);
            assert!(offset_indexes.is_some_and(|ois| ois.len() == num_columns));
            let column_indexes = page_index.offset_indexes_for_rowgroup(0);
            assert!(column_indexes.is_some_and(|cis| cis.len() == num_columns));
            assert!(page_index.offset_index(0, 0).is_some());
            assert!(page_index.column_index(0, 0).is_some());
            assert!(page_index.page_locations(0, 0).is_some());
            assert_eq!(page_index.num_data_pages(0, 0), Some(325));
            let reader = builder.build().unwrap();
            let batches = reader.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(batches.len(), 8);
        }

        {
            // `alltypes_plain.parquet` doesn't have page index
            let path = format!("{testdata}/alltypes_plain.parquet");
            let test_file = File::open(path).unwrap();
            let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
                test_file,
                ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_page_index_policy(PageIndexPolicy::Required),
            )
            .unwrap();
            // Although `Vec<Vec<PageLoacation>>` of each row group is empty,
            // we should read the file successfully.
            assert!(builder.metadata().page_index().is_none());
            let reader = builder.build().unwrap();
            let batches = reader.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(batches.len(), 1);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_raw_repetition() {
        const MESSAGE_TYPE: &str = "
            message Log {
              OPTIONAL INT32 eventType;
              REPEATED INT32 category;
              REPEATED group filter {
                OPTIONAL INT32 error;
              }
            }
        ";
        let schema = Arc::new(parse_message_type(MESSAGE_TYPE).unwrap());
        let props = Default::default();

        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = SerializedFileWriter::new(&mut buf, schema, props).unwrap();
        let mut row_group_writer = writer.next_row_group().unwrap();

        // column 0
        let mut col_writer = row_group_writer.next_column().unwrap().unwrap();
        col_writer
            .typed::<Int32Type>()
            .write_batch(&[1], Some(&[1]), None)
            .unwrap();
        col_writer.close().unwrap();
        // column 1
        let mut col_writer = row_group_writer.next_column().unwrap().unwrap();
        col_writer
            .typed::<Int32Type>()
            .write_batch(&[1, 1], Some(&[1, 1]), Some(&[0, 1]))
            .unwrap();
        col_writer.close().unwrap();
        // column 2
        let mut col_writer = row_group_writer.next_column().unwrap().unwrap();
        col_writer
            .typed::<Int32Type>()
            .write_batch(&[1], Some(&[1]), Some(&[0]))
            .unwrap();
        col_writer.close().unwrap();

        let rg_md = row_group_writer.close().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(rg_md.num_rows(), 1);
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let bytes = Bytes::from(buf);

        let mut no_mask = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(bytes.clone(), 1024).unwrap();
        let full = no_mask.next().unwrap().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(full.num_columns(), 3);

        for idx in 0..3 {
            let b = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(bytes.clone()).unwrap();
            let mask = ProjectionMask::leaves(b.parquet_schema(), [idx]);
            let mut reader = b.with_projection(mask).build().unwrap();
            let projected = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();

            assert_eq!(projected.num_columns(), 1);
            assert_eq!(full.column(idx), projected.column(0));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_lz4_raw() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/lz4_raw_compressed.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        let batches = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, 1024)
            .unwrap()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batches.len(), 1);
        let batch = &batches[0];

        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 3);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 4);

        // https://github.com/apache/parquet-testing/pull/18
        let a: &Int64Array = batch.column(0).as_any().downcast_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            a.values(),
            &[1593604800, 1593604800, 1593604801, 1593604801]
        );

        let a: &BinaryArray = batch.column(1).as_any().downcast_ref().unwrap();
        let a: Vec<_> = a.iter().flatten().collect();
        assert_eq!(a, &[b"abc", b"def", b"abc", b"def"]);

        let a: &Float64Array = batch.column(2).as_any().downcast_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(a.values(), &[42.000000, 7.700000, 42.125000, 7.700000]);
    }

    // This test is to ensure backward compatibility, it test 2 files containing the LZ4 CompressionCodec
    // but different algorithms: LZ4_HADOOP and LZ4_RAW.
    // 1. hadoop_lz4_compressed.parquet -> It is a file with LZ4 CompressionCodec which uses
    //    LZ4_HADOOP algorithm for compression.
    // 2. non_hadoop_lz4_compressed.parquet -> It is a file with LZ4 CompressionCodec which uses
    //    LZ4_RAW algorithm for compression. This fallback is done to keep backward compatibility with
    //    older parquet-cpp versions.
    //
    // For more information, check: https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/2988
    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_read_lz4_hadoop_fallback() {
        for file in [
            "hadoop_lz4_compressed.parquet",
            "non_hadoop_lz4_compressed.parquet",
        ] {
            let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
            let path = format!("{testdata}/{file}");
            let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
            let expected_rows = 4;

            let batches = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, expected_rows)
                .unwrap()
                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
                .unwrap();
            assert_eq!(batches.len(), 1);
            let batch = &batches[0];

            assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 3);
            assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), expected_rows);

            let a: &Int64Array = batch.column(0).as_any().downcast_ref().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                a.values(),
                &[1593604800, 1593604800, 1593604801, 1593604801]
            );

            let b: &BinaryArray = batch.column(1).as_any().downcast_ref().unwrap();
            let b: Vec<_> = b.iter().flatten().collect();
            assert_eq!(b, &[b"abc", b"def", b"abc", b"def"]);

            let c: &Float64Array = batch.column(2).as_any().downcast_ref().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(c.values(), &[42.0, 7.7, 42.125, 7.7]);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_read_lz4_hadoop_large() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/hadoop_lz4_compressed_larger.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
        let expected_rows = 10000;

        let batches = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(file, expected_rows)
            .unwrap()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batches.len(), 1);
        let batch = &batches[0];

        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 1);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), expected_rows);

        let a: &StringArray = batch.column(0).as_any().downcast_ref().unwrap();
        let a: Vec<_> = a.iter().flatten().collect();
        assert_eq!(a[0], "c7ce6bef-d5b0-4863-b199-8ea8c7fb117b");
        assert_eq!(a[1], "e8fb9197-cb9f-4118-b67f-fbfa65f61843");
        assert_eq!(a[expected_rows - 2], "ab52a0cc-c6bb-4d61-8a8f-166dc4b8b13c");
        assert_eq!(a[expected_rows - 1], "85440778-460a-41ac-aa2e-ac3ee41696bf");
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg(feature = "snap")]
    fn test_read_nested_lists() {
        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        let path = format!("{testdata}/nested_lists.snappy.parquet");
        let file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        let f = file.try_clone().unwrap();
        let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(f, 60).unwrap();
        let expected = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(expected.num_rows(), 3);

        let selection = RowSelection::from(vec![
            RowSelector::skip(1),
            RowSelector::select(1),
            RowSelector::skip(1),
        ]);
        let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(file)
            .unwrap()
            .with_row_selection(selection)
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let actual = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(actual.num_rows(), 1);
        assert_eq!(actual.column(0), &expected.column(0).slice(1, 1));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arbitrary_decimal() {
        let values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];
        let decimals_19_0 = Decimal128Array::from_iter_values(values)
            .with_precision_and_scale(19, 0)
            .unwrap();
        let decimals_12_0 = Decimal128Array::from_iter_values(values)
            .with_precision_and_scale(12, 0)
            .unwrap();
        let decimals_17_10 = Decimal128Array::from_iter_values(values)
            .with_precision_and_scale(17, 10)
            .unwrap();

        let written = RecordBatch::try_from_iter([
            ("decimal_values_19_0", Arc::new(decimals_19_0) as ArrayRef),
            ("decimal_values_12_0", Arc::new(decimals_12_0) as ArrayRef),
            ("decimal_values_17_10", Arc::new(decimals_17_10) as ArrayRef),
        ])
        .unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, written.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&written).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let read = ParquetRecordBatchReader::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer), 8)
            .unwrap()
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(&written.slice(0, 8), &read[0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_list_skip() {
        let mut list = ListBuilder::new(Int32Builder::new());
        list.append_value([Some(1), Some(2)]);
        list.append_value([Some(3)]);
        list.append_value([Some(4)]);
        let list = list.finish();
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter([("l", Arc::new(list) as _)]).unwrap();

        // First page contains 2 values but only 1 row
        let props = WriterProperties::builder()
            .set_data_page_row_count_limit(1)
            .set_write_batch_size(2)
            .build();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch.schema(), Some(props)).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let selection = vec![RowSelector::skip(2), RowSelector::select(1)];
        let mut reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer))
            .unwrap()
            .with_row_selection(selection.into())
            .build()
            .unwrap();
        let out = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(out.num_rows(), 1);
        assert_eq!(out, batch.slice(2, 1));
    }

    fn test_decimal32_roundtrip() {
        let d = |values: Vec<i32>, p: u8| {
            let iter = values.into_iter();
            PrimitiveArray::<Decimal32Type>::from_iter_values(iter)
                .with_precision_and_scale(p, 2)
                .unwrap()
        };

        let d1 = d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 9);
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter([("d1", Arc::new(d1) as ArrayRef)]).unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer)).unwrap();
        let t1 = builder.parquet_schema().columns()[0].physical_type();
        assert_eq!(t1, PhysicalType::INT32);

        let mut reader = builder.build().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.schema(), reader.schema());

        let out = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch, out);
    }

    fn test_decimal64_roundtrip() {
        // Precision <= 9 -> INT32
        // Precision <= 18 -> INT64

        let d = |values: Vec<i64>, p: u8| {
            let iter = values.into_iter();
            PrimitiveArray::<Decimal64Type>::from_iter_values(iter)
                .with_precision_and_scale(p, 2)
                .unwrap()
        };

        let d1 = d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 9);
        let d2 = d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 10.pow(10) - 1], 10);
        let d3 = d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 10.pow(18) - 1], 18);

        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter([
            ("d1", Arc::new(d1) as ArrayRef),
            ("d2", Arc::new(d2) as ArrayRef),
            ("d3", Arc::new(d3) as ArrayRef),
        ])
        .unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer)).unwrap();
        let t1 = builder.parquet_schema().columns()[0].physical_type();
        assert_eq!(t1, PhysicalType::INT32);
        let t2 = builder.parquet_schema().columns()[1].physical_type();
        assert_eq!(t2, PhysicalType::INT64);
        let t3 = builder.parquet_schema().columns()[2].physical_type();
        assert_eq!(t3, PhysicalType::INT64);

        let mut reader = builder.build().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.schema(), reader.schema());

        let out = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch, out);
    }

    fn test_decimal_roundtrip<T: DecimalType>() {
        // Precision <= 9 -> INT32
        // Precision <= 18 -> INT64
        // Precision > 18 -> FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY

        let d = |values: Vec<usize>, p: u8| {
            let iter = values.into_iter().map(T::Native::usize_as);
            PrimitiveArray::<T>::from_iter_values(iter)
                .with_precision_and_scale(p, 2)
                .unwrap()
        };

        let d1 = d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 9);
        let d2 = d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 10.pow(10) - 1], 10);
        let d3 = d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 10.pow(18) - 1], 18);
        let d4 = d(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 10.pow(19) - 1], 19);

        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter([
            ("d1", Arc::new(d1) as ArrayRef),
            ("d2", Arc::new(d2) as ArrayRef),
            ("d3", Arc::new(d3) as ArrayRef),
            ("d4", Arc::new(d4) as ArrayRef),
        ])
        .unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch.schema(), None).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(Bytes::from(buffer)).unwrap();
        let t1 = builder.parquet_schema().columns()[0].physical_type();
        assert_eq!(t1, PhysicalType::INT32);
        let t2 = builder.parquet_schema().columns()[1].physical_type();
        assert_eq!(t2, PhysicalType::INT64);
        let t3 = builder.parquet_schema().columns()[2].physical_type();
        assert_eq!(t3, PhysicalType::INT64);
        let t4 = builder.parquet_schema().columns()[3].physical_type();
        assert_eq!(t4, PhysicalType::FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY);

        let mut reader = builder.build().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch.schema(), reader.schema());

        let out = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(batch, out);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal() {
        test_decimal32_roundtrip();
        test_decimal64_roundtrip();
        test_decimal_roundtrip::<Decimal128Type>();
        test_decimal_roundtrip::<Decimal256Type>();
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_list_selection() {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new_list(
            "list",
            Field::new_list_field(ArrowDataType::Utf8, true),
            false,
        )]));
        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);

        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buf, schema.clone(), None).unwrap();

        for i in 0..2 {
            let mut list_a_builder = ListBuilder::new(StringBuilder::new());
            for j in 0..1024 {
                list_a_builder.values().append_value(format!("{i} {j}"));
                list_a_builder.append(true);
            }
            let batch =
                RecordBatch::try_new(schema.clone(), vec![Arc::new(list_a_builder.finish())])
                    .unwrap();
            writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        }
        let _metadata = writer.close().unwrap();

        let buf = Bytes::from(buf);
        let reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(buf)
            .unwrap()
            .with_row_selection(RowSelection::from(vec![
                RowSelector::skip(100),
                RowSelector::select(924),
                RowSelector::skip(100),
                RowSelector::select(924),
            ]))
            .build()
            .unwrap();

        let batches = reader.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>().unwrap();
        let batch = concat_batches(&schema, &batches).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 924 * 2);
        let list = batch.column(0).as_list::<i32>();

        for w in list.value_offsets().windows(2) {
            assert_eq!(w[0] + 1, w[1])
        }
        let mut values = list.values().as_string::<i32>().iter();

        for i in 0..2 {
            for j in 100..1024 {
                let expected = format!("{i} {j}");
                assert_eq!(values.next().unwrap().unwrap(), &expected);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_list_selection_fuzz() {
        let mut rng = rng();
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new_list(
            "list",
            Field::new_list(
                Field::LIST_FIELD_DEFAULT_NAME,
                Field::new_list_field(ArrowDataType::Int32, true),
                true,
            ),
            true,
        )]));
        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buf, schema.clone(), None).unwrap();

        let mut list_a_builder = ListBuilder::new(ListBuilder::new(Int32Builder::new()));

        for _ in 0..2048 {
            if rng.random_bool(0.2) {
                list_a_builder.append(false);
                continue;
            }

            let list_a_len = rng.random_range(0..10);
            let list_b_builder = list_a_builder.values();

            for _ in 0..list_a_len {
                if rng.random_bool(0.2) {
                    list_b_builder.append(false);
                    continue;
                }

                let list_b_len = rng.random_range(0..10);
                let int_builder = list_b_builder.values();
                for _ in 0..list_b_len {
                    match rng.random_bool(0.2) {
                        true => int_builder.append_null(),
                        false => int_builder.append_value(rng.random()),
                    }
                }
                list_b_builder.append(true)
            }
            list_a_builder.append(true);
        }

        let array = Arc::new(list_a_builder.finish());
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_new(schema, vec![array]).unwrap();

        writer.write(&batch).unwrap();
        let _metadata = writer.close().unwrap();

        let buf = Bytes::from(buf);

        let cases = [
            vec![
                RowSelector::skip(100),
                RowSelector::select(924),
                RowSelector::skip(100),
                RowSelector::select(924),
            ],
            vec![
                RowSelector::select(924),
                RowSelector::skip(100),
                RowSelector::select(924),
                RowSelector::skip(100),
            ],
            vec![
                RowSelector::skip(1023),
                RowSelector::select(1),
                RowSelector::skip(1023),
                RowSelector::select(1),
            ],
            vec![
                RowSelector::select(1),
                RowSelector::skip(1023),
                RowSelector::select(1),
                RowSelector::skip(1023),
            ],
        ];

        for batch_size in [100, 1024, 2048] {
            for selection in &cases {
                let selection = RowSelection::from(selection.clone());
                let reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(buf.clone())
                    .unwrap()
                    .with_row_selection(selection.clone())
                    .with_batch_size(batch_size)
                    .build()
                    .unwrap();

                let batches = reader.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>().unwrap();
                let actual = concat_batches(batch.schema_ref(), &batches).unwrap();
                assert_eq!(actual.num_rows(), selection.row_count());

                let mut batch_offset = 0;
                let mut actual_offset = 0;
                for selector in selection.iter() {
                    if selector.skip {
                        batch_offset += selector.row_count;
                        continue;
                    }

                    assert_eq!(
                        batch.slice(batch_offset, selector.row_count),
                        actual.slice(actual_offset, selector.row_count)
                    );

                    batch_offset += selector.row_count;
                    actual_offset += selector.row_count;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_old_nested_list() {
        use arrow::datatypes::DataType;
        use arrow::datatypes::ToByteSlice;

        let testdata = arrow::util::test_util::parquet_test_data();
        // message my_record {
        //     REQUIRED group a (LIST) {
        //         REPEATED group array (LIST) {
        //             REPEATED INT32 array;
        //         }
        //     }
        // }
        // should be read as list<list<int32>>
        let path = format!("{testdata}/old_list_structure.parquet");
        let test_file = File::open(path).unwrap();

        // create expected ListArray
        let a_values = Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);

        // Construct a buffer for value offsets, for the nested array: [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
        let a_value_offsets = arrow::buffer::Buffer::from([0, 2, 4].to_byte_slice());

        // Construct a list array from the above two
        let a_list_data = ArrayData::builder(DataType::List(Arc::new(Field::new(
            "array",
            DataType::Int32,
            false,
        ))))
        .len(2)
        .add_buffer(a_value_offsets)
        .add_child_data(a_values.into_data())
        .build()
        .unwrap();
        let a = ListArray::from(a_list_data);

        let builder = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new(test_file).unwrap();
        let mut reader = builder.build().unwrap();
        let out = reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(out.num_rows(), 1);
        assert_eq!(out.num_columns(), 1);
        // grab first column
        let c0 = out.column(0);
        let c0arr = c0.as_any().downcast_ref::<ListArray>().unwrap();
        // get first row: [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
        let r0 = c0arr.value(0);
        let r0arr = r0.as_any().downcast_ref::<ListArray>().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r0arr, &a);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_row_numbers() {
        let file = write_parquet_from_iter(vec![(
            "value",
            Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3])) as ArrayRef,
        )]);
        let supplied_fields = Fields::from(vec![Field::new("value", ArrowDataType::Int64, false)]);

        let row_number_field = Arc::new(
            Field::new("row_number", ArrowDataType::Int64, false).with_extension_type(RowNumber),
        );

        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
            .with_schema(Arc::new(Schema::new(supplied_fields)))
            .with_virtual_columns(vec![row_number_field.clone()])
            .unwrap();
        let mut arrow_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(
            file.try_clone().unwrap(),
            options,
        )
        .expect("reader builder with schema")
        .build()
        .expect("reader with schema");

        let batch = arrow_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("value", ArrowDataType::Int64, false),
            (*row_number_field).clone(),
        ]));

        assert_eq!(batch.schema(), schema);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 2);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(0)
                .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some(1), Some(2), Some(3)]
        );
        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(1)
                .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some(0), Some(1), Some(2)]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_only_row_numbers() {
        let file = write_parquet_from_iter(vec![(
            "value",
            Arc::new(Int64Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3])) as ArrayRef,
        )]);
        let row_number_field = Arc::new(
            Field::new("row_number", ArrowDataType::Int64, false).with_extension_type(RowNumber),
        );
        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
            .with_virtual_columns(vec![row_number_field.clone()])
            .unwrap();
        let metadata = ArrowReaderMetadata::load(&file, options).unwrap();
        let num_columns = metadata
            .metadata
            .file_metadata()
            .schema_descr()
            .num_columns();

        let mut arrow_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::new_with_metadata(file, metadata)
            .with_projection(ProjectionMask::none(num_columns))
            .build()
            .expect("reader with schema");

        let batch = arrow_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![row_number_field]));

        assert_eq!(batch.schema(), schema);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 1);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 3);
        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(0)
                .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some(0), Some(1), Some(2)]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_row_numbers_row_group_order() -> Result<()> {
        // Make a parquet file with 100 rows split across 2 row groups
        let array = Int64Array::from_iter_values(5000..5100);
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter([("col", Arc::new(array) as ArrayRef)])?;
        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
        let options = WriterProperties::builder()
            .set_max_row_group_row_count(Some(50))
            .build();
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch.schema().clone(), Some(options))?;
        // write in 10 row batches as the size limits are enforced after each batch
        for batch_chunk in (0..10).map(|i| batch.slice(i * 10, 10)) {
            writer.write(&batch_chunk)?;
        }
        writer.close()?;

        let row_number_field = Arc::new(
            Field::new("row_number", ArrowDataType::Int64, false).with_extension_type(RowNumber),
        );

        let buffer = Bytes::from(buffer);

        let options =
            ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_virtual_columns(vec![row_number_field.clone()])?;

        // read out with normal options
        let arrow_reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(buffer.clone(), options.clone())?
                .build()?;

        assert_eq!(
            ValuesAndRowNumbers {
                values: (5000..5100).collect(),
                row_numbers: (0..100).collect()
            },
            ValuesAndRowNumbers::new_from_reader(arrow_reader)
        );

        // Now read, out of order row groups
        let arrow_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(buffer, options)?
            .with_row_groups(vec![1, 0])
            .build()?;

        assert_eq!(
            ValuesAndRowNumbers {
                values: (5050..5100).chain(5000..5050).collect(),
                row_numbers: (50..100).chain(0..50).collect(),
            },
            ValuesAndRowNumbers::new_from_reader(arrow_reader)
        );

        Ok(())
    }

    /// A file with *mixed* row-group ordinal metadata (spec-valid — the
    /// `RowGroup.ordinal` thrift field is optional; Go parquet writers emit
    /// such files) must read fine without row numbers, and must fail
    /// deterministically with them — even when every *selected* row group
    /// carries an ordinal. See <https://github.com/apache/arrow-rs/issues/10381>.
    #[test]
    fn test_mixed_row_group_ordinals() -> Result<()> {
        use crate::file::metadata::{ParquetMetaDataReader, RowGroupMetaData};

        // 100 rows split across 4 row groups of 25
        let array = Int64Array::from_iter_values(5000..5100);
        let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter([("col", Arc::new(array) as ArrayRef)])?;
        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
        let props = WriterProperties::builder()
            .set_max_row_group_row_count(Some(25))
            .build();
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch.schema().clone(), Some(props))?;
        for batch_chunk in (0..10).map(|i| batch.slice(i * 10, 10)) {
            writer.write(&batch_chunk)?;
        }
        writer.close()?;
        let buffer = Bytes::from(buffer);

        // Strip the ordinal from row group 1 to simulate a mixed-ordinal
        // writer (the builder starts with no ordinal; copy everything else).
        let metadata = ParquetMetaDataReader::new().parse_and_finish(&buffer)?;
        let schema_descr = metadata.file_metadata().schema_descr_ptr();
        let mut row_groups = metadata.row_groups().to_vec();
        let stripped = row_groups[1].clone();
        let mut builder = RowGroupMetaData::builder(schema_descr)
            .set_num_rows(stripped.num_rows())
            .set_total_byte_size(stripped.total_byte_size())
            .set_sorting_columns(stripped.sorting_columns().cloned())
            .set_column_metadata(stripped.columns().to_vec());
        if let Some(offset) = stripped.file_offset() {
            builder = builder.set_file_offset(offset);
        }
        row_groups[1] = builder.build()?;
        assert_eq!(row_groups[1].ordinal(), None);
        let metadata = Arc::new(metadata.into_builder().set_row_groups(row_groups).build());

        // Plain read (no row numbers): succeeds and returns all values.
        let arrow_metadata =
            ArrowReaderMetadata::try_new(Arc::clone(&metadata), ArrowReaderOptions::new())?;
        let reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::new_with_metadata(buffer.clone(), arrow_metadata)
                .build()?;
        let values: Vec<i64> = reader
            .flat_map(|batch| {
                let batch = batch.expect("could not read batch");
                batch
                    .column(0)
                    .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
                    .values()
                    .to_vec()
            })
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(values, (5000..5100).collect::<Vec<_>>());

        // Row-number read: fails deterministically, even when selecting only
        // row groups that DO carry ordinals.
        let row_number_field = Arc::new(
            Field::new("row_number", ArrowDataType::Int64, false).with_extension_type(RowNumber),
        );
        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_virtual_columns(vec![row_number_field])?;
        let arrow_metadata = ArrowReaderMetadata::try_new(Arc::clone(&metadata), options)?;
        let result = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::new_with_metadata(buffer, arrow_metadata)
            .with_row_groups(vec![0]) // row group 0 has an ordinal
            .build()
            .and_then(|mut reader| reader.next().transpose().map_err(|e| e.into()));
        let err = result.expect_err("row numbers over mixed ordinals must fail");
        assert!(
            err.to_string().contains("inconsistent row-group ordinals"),
            "unexpected error: {err}"
        );

        Ok(())
    }

    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
    struct ValuesAndRowNumbers {
        values: Vec<i64>,
        row_numbers: Vec<i64>,
    }
    impl ValuesAndRowNumbers {
        fn new_from_reader(reader: ParquetRecordBatchReader) -> Self {
            let mut values = vec![];
            let mut row_numbers = vec![];
            for batch in reader {
                let batch = batch.expect("Could not read batch");
                values.extend(
                    batch
                        .column_by_name("col")
                        .expect("Could not get col column")
                        .as_primitive::<arrow::datatypes::Int64Type>()
                        .iter()
                        .map(|v| v.expect("Could not get value")),
                );

                row_numbers.extend(
                    batch
                        .column_by_name("row_number")
                        .expect("Could not get row_number column")
                        .as_primitive::<arrow::datatypes::Int64Type>()
                        .iter()
                        .map(|v| v.expect("Could not get row number"))
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                );
            }
            Self {
                values,
                row_numbers,
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_with_virtual_columns_rejects_non_virtual_fields() {
        // Try to pass a regular field (not a virtual column) to with_virtual_columns
        let regular_field = Arc::new(Field::new("regular_column", ArrowDataType::Int64, false));
        assert_eq!(
            ArrowReaderOptions::new()
                .with_virtual_columns(vec![regular_field])
                .unwrap_err()
                .to_string(),
            "Parquet error: Field 'regular_column' is not a virtual column. Virtual columns must have extension type names starting with 'arrow.virtual.'"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_row_numbers_with_multiple_row_groups() {
        test_row_numbers_with_multiple_row_groups_helper(
            false,
            |path, selection, _row_filter, batch_size| {
                let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
                let row_number_field = Arc::new(
                    Field::new("row_number", ArrowDataType::Int64, false)
                        .with_extension_type(RowNumber),
                );
                let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
                    .with_virtual_columns(vec![row_number_field])
                    .unwrap();
                let reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file, options)
                    .unwrap()
                    .with_row_selection(selection)
                    .with_batch_size(batch_size)
                    .build()
                    .expect("Could not create reader");
                reader
                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
                    .expect("Could not read")
            },
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // Takes too long
    fn test_row_numbers_with_multiple_row_groups_and_filter() {
        test_row_numbers_with_multiple_row_groups_helper(
            true,
            |path, selection, row_filter, batch_size| {
                let file = File::open(path).unwrap();
                let row_number_field = Arc::new(
                    Field::new("row_number", ArrowDataType::Int64, false)
                        .with_extension_type(RowNumber),
                );
                let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
                    .with_virtual_columns(vec![row_number_field])
                    .unwrap();
                let reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file, options)
                    .unwrap()
                    .with_row_selection(selection)
                    .with_batch_size(batch_size)
                    .with_row_filter(row_filter.expect("No filter"))
                    .build()
                    .expect("Could not create reader");
                reader
                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
                    .expect("Could not read")
            },
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_row_group_indices() {
        // create a parquet file with 3 row groups, 2 rows each
        let array1 = Int64Array::from(vec![1, 2]);
        let array2 = Int64Array::from(vec![3, 4]);
        let array3 = Int64Array::from(vec![5, 6]);

        let batch1 =
            RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("value", Arc::new(array1) as ArrayRef)]).unwrap();
        let batch2 =
            RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("value", Arc::new(array2) as ArrayRef)]).unwrap();
        let batch3 =
            RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("value", Arc::new(array3) as ArrayRef)]).unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
        let options = WriterProperties::builder()
            .set_max_row_group_row_count(Some(2))
            .build();
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch1.schema(), Some(options)).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch1).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch2).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch3).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let file = Bytes::from(buffer);
        let row_group_index_field = Arc::new(
            Field::new("row_group_index", ArrowDataType::Int64, false)
                .with_extension_type(RowGroupIndex),
        );

        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
            .with_virtual_columns(vec![row_group_index_field.clone()])
            .unwrap();
        let mut arrow_reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file.clone(), options)
                .expect("reader builder with virtual columns")
                .build()
                .expect("reader with virtual columns");

        let batch = arrow_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 2);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 6);

        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(0)
                .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some(1), Some(2), Some(3), Some(4), Some(5), Some(6)]
        );

        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(1)
                .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some(0), Some(0), Some(1), Some(1), Some(2), Some(2)]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_only_row_group_indices() {
        let array1 = Int64Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3]);
        let array2 = Int64Array::from(vec![4, 5]);

        let batch1 =
            RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("value", Arc::new(array1) as ArrayRef)]).unwrap();
        let batch2 =
            RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("value", Arc::new(array2) as ArrayRef)]).unwrap();

        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
        let options = WriterProperties::builder()
            .set_max_row_group_row_count(Some(3))
            .build();
        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, batch1.schema(), Some(options)).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch1).unwrap();
        writer.write(&batch2).unwrap();
        writer.close().unwrap();

        let file = Bytes::from(buffer);
        let row_group_index_field = Arc::new(
            Field::new("row_group_index", ArrowDataType::Int64, false)
                .with_extension_type(RowGroupIndex),
        );

        let options = ArrowReaderOptions::new()
            .with_virtual_columns(vec![row_group_index_field.clone()])
            .unwrap();
        let metadata = ArrowReaderMetadata::load(&file, options).unwrap();
        let num_columns = metadata
            .metadata
            .file_metadata()
            .schema_descr()
            .num_columns();

        let mut arrow_reader = ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::new_with_metadata(file, metadata)
            .with_projection(ProjectionMask::none(num_columns))
            .build()
            .expect("reader with virtual columns only");

        let batch = arrow_reader.next().unwrap().unwrap();
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![(*row_group_index_field).clone()]));

        assert_eq!(batch.schema(), schema);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_columns(), 1);
        assert_eq!(batch.num_rows(), 5);

        assert_eq!(
            batch
                .column(0)
                .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
                .iter()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![Some(0), Some(0), Some(0), Some(1), Some(1)]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_read_row_group_indices_with_selection() -> Result<()> {
        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
        let options = WriterProperties::builder()
            .set_max_row_group_row_count(Some(10))
            .build();

        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "value",
            ArrowDataType::Int64,
            false,
        )]));

        let mut writer = ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buffer, schema.clone(), Some(options))?;

        // write out 3 batches of 10 rows each
        for i in 0..3 {
            let start = i * 10;
            let array = Int64Array::from_iter_values(start..start + 10);
            let batch = RecordBatch::try_from_iter(vec![("value", Arc::new(array) as ArrayRef)])?;
            writer.write(&batch)?;
        }
        writer.close()?;

        let file = Bytes::from(buffer);
        let row_group_index_field = Arc::new(
            Field::new("rg_idx", ArrowDataType::Int64, false).with_extension_type(RowGroupIndex),
        );

        let options =
            ArrowReaderOptions::new().with_virtual_columns(vec![row_group_index_field])?;

        // test row groups are read in reverse order
        let arrow_reader =
            ParquetRecordBatchReaderBuilder::try_new_with_options(file.clone(), options.clone())?
                .with_row_groups(vec![2, 1, 0])
                .build()?;

        let batches: Vec<_> = arrow_reader.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
        let combined = concat_batches(&batches[0].schema(), &batches)?;

        let values = combined.column(0).as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>();
        let first_val = values.value(0);
        let last_val = values.value(combined.num_rows() - 1);
        // first row from rg 2
        assert_eq!(first_val, 20);
        // the last row from rg 0
        assert_eq!(last_val, 9);

        let rg_indices = combined.column(1).as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>();
        assert_eq!(rg_indices.value(0), 2);
        assert_eq!(rg_indices.value(10), 1);
        assert_eq!(rg_indices.value(20), 0);

        Ok(())
    }

    pub(crate) fn test_row_numbers_with_multiple_row_groups_helper<F>(
        use_filter: bool,
        test_case: F,
    ) where
        F: FnOnce(PathBuf, RowSelection, Option<RowFilter>, usize) -> Vec<RecordBatch>,
    {
        let seed: u64 = random();
        println!("test_row_numbers_with_multiple_row_groups seed: {seed}");
        let mut rng = StdRng::seed_from_u64(seed);

        use tempfile::TempDir;
        let tempdir = TempDir::new().expect("Could not create temp dir");

        let (bytes, metadata) = generate_file_with_row_numbers(&mut rng);

        let path = tempdir.path().join("test.parquet");
        std::fs::write(&path, bytes).expect("Could not write file");

        let mut case = vec![];
        let mut remaining = metadata.file_metadata().num_rows();
        while remaining > 0 {
            let row_count = rng.random_range(1..=remaining);
            remaining -= row_count;
            case.push(RowSelector {
                row_count: row_count as usize,
                skip: rng.random_bool(0.5),
            });
        }

        let filter = use_filter.then(|| {
            let filter = (0..metadata.file_metadata().num_rows())
                .map(|_| rng.random_bool(0.99))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            let mut filter_offset = 0;
            RowFilter::new(vec![Box::new(ArrowPredicateFn::new(
                ProjectionMask::all(),
                move |b| {
                    let array = BooleanArray::from_iter(
                        filter
                            .iter()
                            .skip(filter_offset)
                            .take(b.num_rows())
                            .map(|x| Some(*x)),
                    );
                    filter_offset += b.num_rows();
                    Ok(array)
                },
            ))])
        });

        let selection = RowSelection::from(case);
        let batches = test_case(path, selection.clone(), filter, rng.random_range(1..4096));

        if selection.skipped_row_count() == metadata.file_metadata().num_rows() as usize {
            assert!(batches.into_iter().all(|batch| batch.num_rows() == 0));
            return;
        }
        let actual = concat_batches(batches.first().expect("No batches").schema_ref(), &batches)
            .expect("Failed to concatenate");
        // assert_eq!(selection.row_count(), actual.num_rows());
        let values = actual
            .column(0)
            .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
            .iter()
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let row_numbers = actual
            .column(1)
            .as_primitive::<types::Int64Type>()
            .iter()
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(
            row_numbers
                .into_iter()
                .map(|number| number.map(|number| number + 1))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            values
        );
    }

    fn generate_file_with_row_numbers(rng: &mut impl Rng) -> (Bytes, ParquetMetaData) {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(Fields::from(vec![Field::new(
            "value",
            ArrowDataType::Int64,
            false,
        )])));

        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
        let mut writer =
            ArrowWriter::try_new(&mut buf, schema.clone(), None).expect("Could not create writer");

        let mut values = 1..=rng.random_range(1..4096);
        while !values.is_empty() {
            let batch_values = values
                .by_ref()
                .take(rng.random_range(1..4096))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            let array = Arc::new(Int64Array::from(batch_values)) as ArrayRef;
            let batch =
                RecordBatch::try_from_iter([("value", array)]).expect("Could not create batch");
            writer.write(&batch).expect("Could not write batch");
            writer.flush().expect("Could not flush");
        }
        let metadata = writer.close().expect("Could not close writer");

        (Bytes::from(buf), metadata)
    }
}